Piracy, Privateering, and the Making of the Ottoman Mediterranean

Authors

  • Joshua M. White University of Virginia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v10i20.735

Keywords:

Otoman, Mediterranean, Maritime violence, Piracy, Privateer

Abstract

This article explores the environment and challenges that Ottoman Mediterranean piracy and privateering posed to their administrators, jurists, and victims during the sixteenth and seventeenth- centuries. Whereas the Muslim of North Africa and the Catholic privateers of Malta and Livorno have been the subjects of significant research, mostly on the basis of European-language sources, the Ottoman experience is less well studied. Drawing on a wide range of Ottoman sources and recent scholarship, here the causes, manifestations, and consequences of the said activities in Ottoman waters are analyzed. Privateers played a critical role in the battles for Mediterranean supremacy fought between the Ottomans and Spanish during the sixteenth-century, and the extent of the maritime violence and its range of actors increased after the 1570s. Following the conclusion of a truce with Spain, Ottoman naval superiority evaporated as attention and military and financial resources were re-directed towards the prosecution of land wars and quelling internal rebellions into the 1630s. The Ottomans failed to suppress the piracy and privateering that washed over the eastern half of the Mediterranean. Nevertheless, its violence had a significant impact on Ottoman foreign and domestic policy and on legal theory and practice. Clauses concerning piracy appeared in every commercial treaty that these concluded with maritime powers, and their contents and interpretation evolved as the nature of the threat changed. Around the turn of the seventeenth-century high-ranking Ottoman Islamic jurists began issuing legal opinions in response to the questions and problems posed by maritime violence, while courts heard of related civil litigation. Paradoxically, the importance of Ottoman law increased with the maritime chaos. This article argues that the challenge of piracy redefined the geographical and conceptual limits of the Ottoman Mediterranean, not in terms of sovereignty or naval supremacy, but as the space within which Ottoman law reigned.

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Author Biography

  • Joshua M. White, University of Virginia

    Joshua M. White es profesor asociado de historia en la Universidad de Virginia. Es autor de Piracy and Law in the Ottoman Mediterranean (Stanford University Press, 2017), que se basó en una extensa investigación de archivos en Turquía, Italia, Grecia, Francia y el Reino Unido a través de fuentes escritas en turco otomano, árabe, italiano, inglés y francés para investigar las causas, el impacto y la respuesta otomana a la violencia marítima desenfrenada en los siglos XVI y XVII. Especialista en la historia social, legal y diplomática del Imperio Otomano moderno temprano y el mundo mediterráneo, recibió su doctorado de la Universidad de Michigan en 2012. También tiene una Maestría en Historia de la Universidad de Michigan (2007) y una licenciatura en Historia y Estudios Islámicos de la Universidad de Washington en St. Louis (2004)

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Published

2021-07-01 — Updated on 2021-07-04

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 20 (2021): Imperios de corsarios y piratas: visiones globales de violencia marítima, comunidades políticas y expansión de poder

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Dossier

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How to Cite

Piracy, Privateering, and the Making of the Ottoman Mediterranean. (2021). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 10(20), 95-124. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v10i20.735

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