The Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. Colonial frenzy and the impact of Annual

Authors

  • Jesús Marchán Gustems GRIMSE (Grupo de Investigación en Imperios, Metrópolis y Sociedades Extraeuropeas) - Universitat Pompeu Fabra

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v8i16.518

Keywords:

Agricultural colonisation, Compañía Española de Colonización, “colonising fever”, Morocco, Annual

Abstract

This research works on the rise of the agricultural colonisation in the Eastern area of the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco (1912-1956), commanded by Compañía Española de Colonización. In order to complete our purpose we have worked with some documentation from archives, press and contemporary publications. Most of them supported the Spanish colonial project, but there are some that were opposed, too. That enterprise opened some cultivation areas in the Rif, worked by Spanish settlers. The most important one was the Plain of Garet that measured over 20.000 hectares. CEC was owned by a group of investors well related with the highest Spanish political authorities, including King Alfonso XIII. Thanks to it they had a good position to invest and protect their own interests. The most lucrative enterprise they owned in northern Morocco was Compañía Española de Minas del Rif.

CEC was an important piece of investor group and also an important tool to ensure the continuation of the business project and the colonial one. In this respect CEMR was supported and favoured by the Spanish authorities in order to get the mining concessions around Melilla. And so they did with CEC, thanks to the legalisation of the massive acquisition of real estate in the Plain of Garet.

This important purchase is part of the initial period of the Spanish protectorate of northern Morocco. It was a moment in which colonial and military authorities didn’t have the whole control of the zone assigned to Spain in 1912. But at the same time there was a “colonising fever”, as a consequence of the rise of the real estate demand. The Disaster of Annual (1921) destroyed the past work. The Spanish colonial and metropolitan authorities didn’t give all their material support to the settlers that survived, but lost their investment. But they helped CEC owners in order to recover their money. This fact would have negative consequence in long term for the Spanish colonial project.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Jesús Marchán Gustems, GRIMSE (Grupo de Investigación en Imperios, Metrópolis y Sociedades Extraeuropeas) - Universitat Pompeu Fabra

Jesús Marchán Gustems es profesor de historia en CIEE (Council on International Educational Exchange)-Barcelona, y miembro del GRIMSE (Grupo de Investigación en Imperios, Metrópolis y Sociedades Extraeuropeas). Ganador del IV premio Fons Bibliogràfic de la Cambra de Comerç de Barcelona en 2008, realizó su tesis doctoral en la Universitat Pompeu Fabra de Barcelona gracias a una beca FPI (Formación de Personal Investigador) del estado.

Su ámbito de investigación se centra en las relaciones hispano-marroquíes en los siglos XIX y XX, en especial el imperialismo español en Marruecos y el protectorado en el norte de dicho país (1912-1956). Su tesis doctoral versa sobre la colonización agrícola y el régimen de la propiedad. Asimismo ha publicado diversas investigaciones en forma de capítulos de libro y artículos, el último de los cuales en Historia Agraria (2018): “Una avanzadilla malograda: colonización oficial y propiedad inmueble en el protectorado español de Marruecos (1912-1956)”.

References

Juan PANDO DESPIERTO: Historia secreta de Annual, Madrid, Temas de Hoy, 1999.

Sebastian BALFOUR: Abrazo mortal. De la guerra colonial a la Guerra Civil en España y Marruecos (1909-1939), Barcelona, Península, 2002.

Mª Rosa de MADARIAGA ÁLVAREZ-PRIDA: En el Barranco del lobo. Las guerras de Marruecos, Madrid, Alianza, 2005.

Mª Rosa de MADARIAGA ÁLVAREZ-PRIDA: Abd-el-Krim el Jatabi. La lucha por la indepen-dencia, Madrid, Alianza, 2009.

Luis Miguel FRANCISCO: Morir en África. La epopeya de los soldados españoles en el Desastre de Annual, Barcelona, Crítica, 2014.

Pablo DÍAZ MORLÁN: Empresarios, militares y políticos: La Compañía Española de Minas del Rif (1907-1967), Madrid: Marcial Pons, 2015, pp. 201-204.

Mª Rosa de MADARIAGA ÁLVAREZ-PRIDA: España y el Rif, crónica de una historia casi olvidada, Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla - UNED-Centro asociado de Melilla, Málaga, 2008 [1999].

Mi-moun AZIZA: La sociedad rifeña frente al Protectorado español de Marruecos (1912-1956), Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2003.

Vicente GOZÁLVEZ PÉREZ: “Notas sobre la colonización agrícola en el protectorado de España en Marruecos”, Sharq Al-Andalus, 10-11 (1993-1994), pp. 423-452.

Abel ALBET I MAS: “La huella de España en Marruecos: Políticas de ocupación, protección y explotación”, en Joan NOGUÉ, José Luis VILLANOVA (eds.): España en Marruecos (1912-1956). Discursos geográficos e intervención territo-rial, Lleida, Milenio, 1999, pp. 403-434.

Federico VILLALOBOS: El sueño colonial. Las guerras de España en Marruecos, Barcelona, Ariel, 2004.

Juan DANTÍN CERECEDA: Una expedición científica por la zona de influencia española en Marruecos, Barcelona, Estudio, 1914.

Ángel de TORREJÓN Y BONETA, Paulino ARIAS JUÁREZ, Ángel ARRÚE ASTIAZARÁN: Estudios e informe relativos a la colonización agrícola de la zona de protectorado de España en Marruecos, Madrid, Imprenta Helénica, 1923.

Ángel CABRERA: Magreb-el-Aksa. Recuerdos de cuatro viajes por Yebala y por el Rif, Madrid, Voluntad, 1924.

Robert ALDRICH: Greater France: A History of French Overseas Expansion, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1996.

Joseph M. HODGE: The triumph of the experts: Agrarian doctrines of development and the legacies of British colonialism, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2007.

Juan Bautista VILAR: “Los orígenes de la inmigración laboral marroquí en la Argelia francesa: Los rifeños en la Oranie (1855-1863)”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea, 6 (1985), pp. 117-146.

David Montgomery HART: Estructuras tribales precoloniales en Marruecos Bereber, 1860-1933: una reconstrucción etnográfica en perspectiva histórica, Granada, Universidad de Granada, 1997.

Mohamed EL ABDELLAOUI y Noureddine CHIKHI: “El regadío y las transformaciones agrarias en el Rif”, en VV.AA.: Transformaciones agrarias en Andalucía oriental y norte de Marruecos, Granada, Diputación provincial de Granada, 1997, pp. 253-282.

Nicolas MICHEL: Une économie de subsistances. Le Maroc précolonial. I, El Cairo, Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, 1997.

Nicolas MICHEL: “The individual and the collectivity in the agricultural economy of pre-colonial Morocco”, en Hanna NELLY (ed.): Mon-ey, land and trade. An economic history of the Muslim Mediterranean, London-New York, I.B. Tauris, 2002, pp. 15-36.

José Antonio RODRÍGUEZ ESTEBAN: Geografía y colonialismo. La Sociedad Geográfica de Madrid (1876-1936), Madrid, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 1996.

Víctor MORALES LEZCANO: León y Castillo, embajador (1887-1918), Las Palmas, Cabildo de Gran Canaria, 1998, pp. 111-114.

Jean Marc DELAUNAY: Méfiance cordiale. Les relations franco-espagnoles de la fin du XIXe siècle à la Première Guerre mondiale. Vol. 2. Les relations coloniales, París, L'Harmattan, 2010, pp. 182-204.

CENTROS COMERCIALES HISPANO-MARROQUÍES: Los Centros Comerciales Hispano-Marroquíes y el Problema de Marruecos: la elocuencia de un inventario (De 1904 a 1921), Madrid, España en África, 1922.

José Antonio GONZÁLEZ ALCANTUD, Eloy MARTÍN CORRALES: “Introducción”, en José Antonio GONZÁLEZ ALCANTUD, Eloy MARTÍN CORRALES (eds.), La conferencia de Algeciras en 1906: un banquete colonial, Barcelona, Bellatera, 2007, pp. 9-21.

José Antonio GONZÁLEZ ALCANTUD: Historia colonial de Marruecos (1894-1961), Córdoba, Almuzara, 2019.

Jordi CARTAÑÀ: “Las Estaciones Agronómicas y las Granjas Experimentales como factor de innovación en la agricultura española contemporánea (1875-1920)”, Scripta Nova, IV-69, http://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn-69-16.htm (consultado por última vez el 20-12-2018);

Rafael DOMÍNGUEZ RODRÍGUEZ: Políticas agrícolas en el protectorado español de Marruecos, Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, 2017, pp. 159-161.

CENTROS COMERCIALES HISPANO-MARROQUÍES: Tercer Congreso Africanista, Barcelona, España en África, 1909.

Joan NOGUÉ, José Luis VILLANOVA: “Las sociedades geográficas y otras asociaciones en la acción colonial española en Marruecos”, en Joan NOGUÉ, José Luis VILLANOVA (eds.), España en Marruecos (1912-1956). Discursos geográficos e intervención territorial, Lleida, Milenio, 1999, pp. 183-224.

Juan PAN-MONTOJO: “La administración agraria en España, 1847-1907”, Historia Agraria, 10 (1995), pp. 67-88.

Lourenzo FERNÁNDEZ PRIETO: El apagón tecnológico del franquismo: Estado e innovación en la agricultura española del siglo XX, Valencia, Tirant lo Blanch, 2007.

“Condiciones agrícolas de nuestras posesiones del Rif”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 15 de febrero de 1910.

José Vicente ARCHE Y LÓPEZ: Memoria acerca del estado actual de la agricultura en el Rif, y reformas posibles e inmediatas que conviene implantar, Madrid, Imprenta de la Sucesora de M. Minuesa, 1910.

CENTROS COMERCIALES HISPANO-MARROQUÍES: Cuarto Congreso Africanista, Barcelona, España en África, 1910.

Pedro L. ANGOSTO VÉLEZ: Alfonso XIII, un rey contra el pueblo: raíces de la Guerra Civil. Una mirada a través de El Socialista (1917-1923), Sevilla, Renacimiento, 2005.

Gustau NERÍN: La guerra que vino de África, Barcelona, Crítica, 2005.

Víctor RUIZ ALBÉNIZ: España en el Rif. 1908-1921, Melilla, Ciudad Autónoma de Melilla, 2007 [1921].

Ginés SANMARTÍN SOLANO: “La compañía española de Minas del Rif (1907-1984)”, Aldaba, 5 (1985), pp. 55-74.

José Antonio SAINZ VARELA y José Luis BARRERA MORA-TE: “¿Quiénes fueron los promotores de la Compañía Española de Minas del Rif?”, en Francisco A. GONZÁLEZ REDONDO (coord.): Ciencia y Técnica entre la Paz y la Guerra. 1714, 1814, 1914, Madrid, SEHCYT, 2015, pp. 971-978.

Tomás MAESTRE: “La obra del general Jordana”, África española, 30 de noviembre de 1914.

Juan Francisco MARINA ENCABO: Orientación sobre algunos problemas de la propiedad en Marruecos. Colección de artículos publicado en la prensa marroquí, Valladolid, Imp. Allén, 1942, pp. 11-12.

Francisco MARTÍNEZ YAGÜES: “La agricultura en El Hauz”, África española, 30 de diciembre de 1913.

Fernando YÑÍGUEZ: “Los terrenos de nuestra zona de influencia”, África española, 30 de julio de 1914.

Josep CAÑABATE PÉREZ: El trasplante de la justicia española entre 1914 y 1931 al Protectorado de España en Marruecos. Tesis doctoral inédita, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2011.

Jesús MARCHÁN GUSTEMS: La colonización agrícola en el protectorado español de Marruecos (1912-1956): Una esperanza frustrada, Tesis doctoral inédita, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2014.

“Crónica agrícola”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 7 de mayo de 1914.

“Los gastos de Marruecos”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 30 de junio de 1914.

Joaquín COSTA: “Petición al gobierno sobre la colonización de Melilla”, Revista de Geografía Comercial, 7-8 (1885), pp. 106-108.

“Fusión de la Colonizadora y de la Constructora”, África española, 30 de noviembre de 1915.

“Nueva Sociedad colonizadora”, África española, 30 de enero de 1916.

“En legítima defensa”, ABC, 7 de agosto de 1916.

“La obra colonizadora. El ferrocarril Ceuta-Tetuán”, ABC, 4 de junio de 1918.

“Pavimentos Asfálticos S.A. y la Compañía Española de Colonización”, Blanco y Negro, 24 de febrero de 1935.

HISPANUS: La acción Hispano-Africana y la Compañía Española de Colonización, Madrid, Editorial Hispano-Africana, 1915, p. 31.

Rafael de RODA JIMÉNEZ: La obra económica y social de la Compañía Española de Colonización en 1916, Madrid, Editorial Hispano-Africana, 1917.

Youssef Akmir: “Capitales españoles en Marruecos en torno a 1912: Ambición colonial clientelismo político y pactos confidenciales”, en Fatiha BENLABBAH, Abelaali BAROUKI (eds.): La problemática colonial española en Marruecos, Rabat, Instituto de Estudios Hispano-Lusos, 2013, pp. 47-67.

Joan NOGUÉ y José Luis VILLANOVA: “La zona norte del protectorado español en Marruecos. El marco geográfico”, en Joan NOGUÉ, José Luis VILLANOVA (eds.), España en Marruecos (1912-1956). Discursos geográficos e intervención territorial, Llei-da, Milenio, 1999, pp. 101-141.

Raymond JAMOUS: Honeur et Baraka. Les structures traditionnelles dans le Rif, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.

“Dahir declarando la condición jurídica de los terrenos del Garet y decreto correspondiente”, Boletín oficial de la zona de influencia española en Marruecos, 10 de diciembre de 1915.

“Dahir declarando la condición jurídica de los terrenos del Garet y decreto correspondiente”, África española, 30 de enero de 1916.

“En legítima defensa”, ABC, 7-8-1916.

Luis Antón del OLMET: Marruecos (de Melilla a Tánger), Madrid, Juan Pueyo, 1916.

Joaquín COSTA: Intereses de España en Marruecos, Madrid, Imprenta Fortanet, 1884, p. 44.

FEDERACIÓN DE SINDICATOS AGRÍCOLAS DE LA REGIÓN ORIENTAL: La colonización agrícola de la Región Oriental, Melilla, Gráficas La Ibérica, 1934.

“Una gran obra para colonizar el Garet”, África española, 30 de septiembre de 1915.

“El Marruecos Oriental agrícola”, África española, 30 de diciembre de 1915.

José ZULUETA y GOMIS: Impresiones del Rif, Barcelona, Talleres Gráficos de José Sebabell y Cía., 1916.

“Sección de consultas”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 22 de abril de 1919.

“Una gran obra para colonizar el Garet”, África española, 30 de setembre de 1915.

“La acción española en Marruecos”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 7 de marzo de 1916.

“Colonización”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 15 de desembre de 1916.

“La colonización del Garet”, África española, 30 de enero de 1916.

“La colonización avanza”, África española, 29 de febrero de 1916.

“Colonización”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 15 de febrero de 1916.

“La acción española en Marruecos”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 7 de marzo de 1916.

“Información local”, El Comercio de Melilla, 5 de diciembre de 1919.

“La agricultura en el Marruecos español. II”, El Progreso Agrícola y Pecuario, 15 de septiembre de 1922.

Víctor RUIZ ALBÉNIZ: Monografía sobre colonización rural en Marruecos español, Madrid, Imp. Sáez Hermanos, 1930.

Antonio BRAVO NIETO: Arquitectura y urbanismo español en el norte de Marruecos, Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía-Consejería de Obras Públicas y Transportes, 2000.

“Sociedad que se disuelve”, África española, 30 de julio de 1916.

Miguel Ángel LÓPEZ-MORELL: La casa Rotschild en España (1812-1941), Madrid, Marcial Pons, 2005, pp. 339-343.

Jesús MARCHÁN GUSTEMS: “Una avanzadilla malograda: colonización oficial y propiedad inmueble en el protectorado español de Marruecos (1912-1956)”, Historia Agraria, 75 (2018), pp. 167-198.

Jean Jacques JORDI: Les Espagnols en Oranie. 1830-1914. Histoire d'une migration, Montpellier, Éditions Africa Nostra, 1986.

Shannon E. FLEMING y Ann K. FLEMING: “Primo de Rivera and Spain’s Moroccan Problem”, Journal of Contemporary History, 12:1 (1977), pp. 85-99.

Shannon E. FLEMING: Primo de Rivera and Abd-el-Krim. The Struggle in Spanish Morocco, 1923-1927, Nueva York-Londres, Garland Publishing, 1991, pp. 144-192.

Susana SUEIRO SEOANE: España en el Mediterráneo. Primo de Rivera y la "cuestión marroquí", 1922-1930, Madrid, UNED, 1992.

Rafael ÁLVAREZ CLARO y Fidel PI CASAS: Lo que debe saber España y lo que es indispensable que haga España, si no queremos perder Marruecos, Melilla, Imprenta el Cisne, 1930.

Tomás GARCÍA FIGUERAS: “Larache, Alcázar y Melilla”, Revista de tropas coloniales, 5 (1925).

José VILLANOVA VALERO: Los interventores. La piedra angular del protectorado español en Marruecos, Barcelona, Bellaterra, 2006.

Cándido LOBERA: “El porvenir de Melilla y Alhucemas”, Revista de tropas coloniales, 15 (1926).

Fran-cisco GÓMEZ-JORDANA SOUZA: La Tramoya de nuestra actuación en Marruecos, Madrid, Editora Nacional, 1976.

“Decreto Visirial estableciendo el Crédito Agrícola en la Zona de Protectorado”, Boletín oficial de la zona de protectorado español en Marruecos, 25 de diciembre de 1926

Manuel del NIDO TORRES: Guía del español que em-prende el camino del conocimiento de la escuela Malekita, guía que es una recopilación de las opiniones principales de los jurisconsultos, sobre el Derecho Musulmán, Tetuán, Editorial Hispano-Africana, 1921.

“Real Decreto autorizando al Servicio Nacional de Crédito Agrícola para conceder un millón de pesetas en concepto de préstamo a la Junta de Crédito Agrícola de la Zona de protectorado” y “Decreto Visirial creando un pósito agrícola en Zeluán (Rif)”, Boletín oficial de la zona de protectorado español en Ma-rruecos, 25 de diciembre de 1926.

Epifanio GONZÁLEZ JIMÉNEZ: “Principios de colonización en Marruecos”, Memorial de Infantería, 4 (1927), pp. 268-271.

“La obra agrícola del protectorado español en Marruecos”, ABC, 6 de abril de 1935.

“Una grave deci-sión en Marruecos”, ABC, 17 de octubre de 1935.

“Colonización”, ABC, 23 de octubre de 1935.

“La economía de nuestro protectorado marroquí”, El Popular, 4 de enero de 1936.

Shannon E. FLEMING: “Spanish Morocco and the Second Republic: Consistency in colonial policy?”, Mediterranean Historical Review, 13:1-2 (1998), pp. 80-98.

Downloads

Published

2019-07-11 — Updated on 2020-03-22

How to Cite

Marchán Gustems, J. (2020). The Spanish Protectorate in Morocco. Colonial frenzy and the impact of Annual. Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 8(16), 61–81. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v8i16.518

Issue

Vol. 8 No. 16 (2019): España y Marruecos: Guerra y colonialismo en los siglos XIX y XX

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2019 University Journal of Military History

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.