Repression and Revenge against Spanish Collaborationists during the Peninsular War: The Purge Reports of the Province of Santander (1808-1814)

Authors

  • Rafael Guerrero Elecalde Universidad de Córdoba

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v9i18.623

Keywords:

afrancesado, Peninsular War, Cantabria, 19th Century, Political History

Abstract

As a result of having researched the minutes of the trials held in the Municipal Historical Archive of Santander (AMS), the following pages will offer a detailed depiction of the ways and actions carried out against those who were considered afrancesados or traitors to their homeland during and after the Peninsular War or Spanish War of Independence (1808-1814). In compliance with the orders issued by the government of Ferdinand VII, these documents were prepared by the Constitutional City Council authorities in support of the new tribunal constituted in the city for the enactment of the purge. It is hence a documentation of great value, both for understanding the course of the events during the war as well as a basis to portray the complex Santander society by the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century.

In general terms, collaborationism during the Peninsular War was not an isolated or minor event, and it also occurred in the province of Santander. The province had a certain strategic value for Napoleon, and a number of military actions of certain relevance took place in its territory. This interest equally had an impact on the demands placed by the emperor on the local population, which underwent a deep economic and political crisis. Faced with the reality of the occupation, a part of the people of Santander was forced to cooperate with the French invaders, whereas a few renowned personalities did indeed decide to support and be part of the French administration as a matter of conviction. They were far from belonging to a homogeneous collectivity since each individual had their own intentions and motivations, so they never had any unity of action, as will be exposed in the purge reports.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Rafael Guerrero Elecalde, Universidad de Córdoba

Doctor en Historia en la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU), en España. Desde hace años, ha dedicado su principal línea de investigación a las elites gobernantes de la España del Antiguo Régimen. Fue becario del Programa de Formación de Investigadores del Gobierno Vasco (1999-2003) y desde 1998 participa en grupos de investigación adscritos a la Universidad del País Vasco, así como en otros de carácter internacional. A lo largo de estos últimos cinco años he ocupado el puesto de Personal Investigador Doctor Contratado (PIC) en la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV-EHU) y desde 2017 es docente en el Departamento de Didáctica de Ciencias Sociales y Experimentales, de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, de la Universidad de Córdoba.

References

ARTOLA, Miguel, La España de Fernando VII, Madrid, Espasa, 1999.

ARTOLA, Miguel, Los afrancesados, Madrid, Alianza Editorial, 1989.

BEDIA DÍEZ, Luis Daniel, “Importancia estratégica de Reinosa durante la Guerra de la Independencia”, en VV.AA., La Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814) y su momento histórico, vol. II, Santander 1982, pp. 541-582.

DUBOIS MEYER, Françoise, “¿Un patriota al servicio del rey intruso? Don Bonifacio Rodríguez de la Guerra”, en VV.AA., La Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814) y su momento histórico, vol. I, Santander, 1982, pp. 351-375.

ESDAILE, Charles, “El ejército francés en España. Actitudes y mentalidades de una fuerza de ocupación”, Revista Jerónimo Zurita, num. 91, 2016, pp. 21-33.

FERNANDEZ SIRVENT, Rafael, “Notas sobre propaganda probonapartista: proclamas y Gazeta de Santander (1809)”, El Argonauta Español 3, 2006, [en línea]: http://argonauta.imageson.org/document69.html

GUERRERO ELECALDE, Rafael, “Colaborar con el invasor los afrancesados cántabros durante la Guerra de Independencia”, Monte Buciero, num. 13, 2006, pp. 167-219.

IRIGOYEN, Francis, “Une famille d'afrancesados” aux XVIII et XIX sicles: Les Barroeta de Guipúzcoa”, Antzina: revista de genealogía vasca e historia local, num. 2, 2006, pp. 19-22, [en línea]: http://www.antzinako.org/Revistas/Antzinako_2.pdf.

LARA LÓPEZ, Emilio Luis, “La represión de los Afrancesados: conde- nas sociales, jurídicas y políticas. El caso de Jaén (1812-1820)”, Hispania Nova: Revista de historia contemporánea, num. 3, 2003 (Ejemplar dedicado a: Homenaje a Ángel Martínez de Velasco), [en línea]: http://hispanianova. rediris.es/articulos/03_001.htm.

LÓPEZ TABAR, Juan, Los famosos traidores: los afrancesados durante la crisis del Antiguo Régimen (1808-1833), Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2001.

LUIS, Jean-Philippe, “El afrancesamiento, una cuestión abierta”, Ayer, num. 86, 2, 2012, pp. 89- 109.

LUIS, Jean-Philippe, “La Guerra de la Independencia y las elites locales: reflexiones en torno al caso sevillano”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna, Anejos, 2008, VII, pp. 213-236.

MARURI GREGORISCH, José Luis, “Referencias a Santander en la correspondencia del emperador Napoleón (1802-1813)”, VV.AA., La Guerra de la Independencia y su momento histórico, Vol. I, Santander, 1979, pp. 295-350.

MAZA SOLANO, Tomás, “Documentos para la historia de la Guerra de la Independencia. Comunicaciones oficiales del Intendente General de Santander Don Joaquín de Aldamar I. enero-abril de 1810”, Altamira, 1961, tomo XIX, nums. 1-3, pp. 135-319.

MAZA SOLANO, Tomás, “Documentos para la historia de la Guerra de la Independencia. Comunicaciones oficiales del Intendente General de Santander Don Joaquín de Aldamar II. Mayo-diciembre de 1810”, Altamira, 1962-1963, tomo XX, nums. 1-3, pp. 223-502.

MAZA SOLANO, Tomás, “Documentos para la historia de la Guerra de la Independencia. Correspondencia del Intendente General de Santander, Don Joaquín de Aldamar, con las autoridades. mayo-septiembre”, Altamira, 1966, tomo XXIII, nums. 1-3, pp. 191-288.

MAZA SOLANO, Tomás, “Documentos para la historia de la Guerra de la Independencia. Correspondencia del Intendente General de Santander, Don Joaquín de Aldamar, con las autoridades. II octubre-diciembre”, Altamira, 1967, tomo XXIV, nums. 1-3, pp. 161-288.

MIRANDA RUBIO, Francisco, “Cornisa Cantábrica y Navarra durante la Guerra de la Independencia”, Revista de historia militar, num. Extra 1, 2008, pp. 209-238.

MORENO ALONSO, Manuel, “Andalucía en la Guerra de la Independencia”, Revista de Historia Militar, num. Extra 1, 2008, pp. 91-113.

MURIEL HERNÁNDEZ, Manuel y CUESTA DOMINGO, Mariano, “Noticias sobre Santander y su entorno en la prensa periódica durante la Guerra de la Independencia”, en VV.AA., La Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814) y su momento histórico, vol. I, Santander 1982, pp. 215-294.

PALACIO RAMOS, Rafael, “Importancia estratégica de Cantabria durante la Guerra de la Independencia: vías de comunicación y plazas fuertes”, Monte Buciero, num. 13, 2008, pp. 221-254

REY CASTELAO, Ofelia, “Los extranjeros en la cornisa cantábrica durante la Edad Moderna”, en Los extranjeros en la España moderna. Actas del I Coloquio Internacional, celebrado en Málaga del 28 al 30 de noviembre de 2002, Vol. 2, 2003. Málaga, pp. 23-58.

RODRÍGUEZ FERNÁNDEZ, Agustín, “Campoo en la época de la Gue- rra de la Independencia 1808-1814”, [en línea]: Cuadernos de Campoo 7, marzo de 1997, <http://personales.mundivia.es/flipi/Cuadernos/Cuader- no_7/Campoo_en_la_guerra_independencia.htm#(11)>.

ROURA, Lluís, “La administración napoleónica en España”, Revista Jerónimo Zurita, num 91, 2016, pp. 73-87.

RÚJULA LÓPEZ, Pedro Víctor, “La lógica del afrancesado: mediación, colaboración y traición en la vida de Agustín de Quinto”, Ayer, num. 95, 3, 2014, pp. 51-78.

SÁNCHEZ GÓMEZ, Miguel Ángel, “Aproximación a la demografía montañesa durante la Guerra de la Independencia”, en VV.AA., La Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814) y su momento histórico, vol. I, Santander 1982, pp. 195-213.

SANCHO DOMINGO, Carlos, “Viejas estrategias para nuevos problemas: depuración de los procuradores zaragozanos tras tiempos de ocupación (1813-1814), Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita, num. 94, 2019, pp. 239-259.

SANTIRSO, Manuel “Corregidores y alcaldes mayores de Cataluña durante la Guerra Peninsular y las Cortes de Cádiz, 1808-1814”, Revista Jerónimo Zurita, num. 94, 2019, pp. 215-237.

SIMÓN de CABARGA, José, Santander en la Guerra de la Independencia, Santander 1968, 318 pp.

VAQUERIZO GIL, Manuel y RODRÍGUEZ FERNÁNDEZ, Agustín, “Archivo Municipal de Santander. Documentación sobre la ocupación francesa de Santander (1808-1814)”, en VV.AA., La Guerra de la Independencia (1808-1814) y su momento histórico, vol. II, Santander, 1982, pp. 787-886.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-08

How to Cite

Guerrero Elecalde, R. (2020). Repression and Revenge against Spanish Collaborationists during the Peninsular War: The Purge Reports of the Province of Santander (1808-1814). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 9(18), 133–152. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v9i18.623

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 18 (2020): La figura del prisionero de guerra en la Edad Moderna: fuentes, percepciones, vivencias y sociabilidad

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Rafael Guerrero Elecalde

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.