Veterans‘ census

80 years of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II

Authors

  • Daniel Mata Roque Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)
  • Margarida Rocha Bernardes Escola Superior de Guerra (Ministério da Defesa - Brasil)
  • Fernando Porto Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/2n73nm70

Keywords:

Second World War, Military History, war veterans memoirs, Força Expedicionária Brasileira, Anniversary

Abstract

This article aims to present an overview of the veterans of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force, a Brazilian military unit sent to fight in Italy during the Second World War (1944–1945), still alive as we celebrate the 80th anniversary of its creation (August 9, 2023). The importance of this action is exemplified by the fact that Brazil was the only Latin American country to send troops to fight in Europe and was one of the first countries to join the United Nations in the post-war period. We followed the path of triangulation of sources in search of information about these war veterans, through the construction of the FEB Permanent Census (organized by the National Association of Veterans of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force—ANVFEB), to obtain data in order to build the narratives historical. In the present research, summary tests were carried out, as flashes, which demonstrates the potential of the records. However, we recognize that we still have work to do to preserve this memory in the military field. Using the approximate methodology of population demography, we observed the FEB Permanent Census record released on July 1, 2023, with a total of 72 living veterans, spread across fifteen federative units in the Brazilian territory, and from there we carried out a quantified analysis by age , gender, region, military rank, combat unit, medals received and others. Drawing on renowned theorists on history and memory, such as Pierre Nora, Paul Ricoeur, Michael Pollak and Henry Rousso, we discuss the ways in which the memory of Brazil's participation in the Second World War has been constructed since the end of the conflict in 1945, until today, when we identify the peak of military and academic interest in the topic. We conclude by observing the imminent end of this group of historical agents and the need for tools to preserve and disseminate their memories about this extremely relevant fact in world history and transformer of Brazilian nationality.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

  • Daniel Mata Roque, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

    Filmmaker and memoirist. PhD student in the Postgraduate Program in Nursing and Biosciences at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGENFBIO-UNIRIO). Volunteer at the Higher War School of the Ministry of Defense. Member of the Institute of Geography and Military History of Brazil.

  • Margarida Rocha Bernardes, Escola Superior de Guerra (Ministério da Defesa - Brasil)

    Nurse and biologist. PhD in Nursing from the State University of Rio de Janeiro, with a post-doctoral internship at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro. Professor at the Higher War School of the Ministry of Defense. Member of the Institute of Geography and Military History of Brazil.

  • Fernando Porto, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil)

    Nurse and historian. PhD in Nursing from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, with a post-doctoral internship at the University of São Paulo. Coordinator of the Postgraduate Program in Nursing and Biosciences at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (PPGENFBIO-UNIRIO). Former president of the Brazilian Academy of Nursing History.

References

Alda Judith ALVES-MAZZOTI: O método nas ciências naturais e sociais: pesquisa quantitativa e qualitativa, São Paulo, Pioneira, 2001.

Boris FAUSTO: História do Brasil, São Paulo, EDUSP, 1999.

Cássio dos Santos TOMAIM: Documentário e o Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial: o antimilitarismo e o anticomunismo como matrizes sensíveis, São Paulo, Intermeios e Fapesp, 2014.

Cesar Campiani MAXIMIANO: Barbudos, sujos e fatigados: soldados brasileiros na Segunda Guerra Mundial, São Paulo, Grua, 2010.

Ciro Flamarion CARDOSO e Héctor Pérez BRIGNOLI: Os métodos da história, Rio de Janeiro, Graal, 2002.

Cláudia MESQUITA: Um museu para a Guanabara: Carlos Lacerda e a criação do Museu da Imagem e do Som (1960-1965), Rio de Janeiro, Folha Seca, 2009.

Daniel Mata ROQUE, Margarida Maria Rocha BERNARDES, Alexandre Barbosa de OLIVEIRA e Israel BLAJBERG (orgs): Práticas e representações fotográficas do Serviço de Saúde brasileiro na II Guerra Mundial, Rio de Janeiro, AHIMTB, 2019.

Daniel Mata ROQUE: A cobra vai filmar, Rio de Janeiro, AHIMTB, 2018.

Daniel Mata ROQUE: Luz, câmera, esquecimento: o Brasil na Segunda Guerra Mundial e a trajetória do filme perdido O Brasileiro João de Souza, Rio de Janeiro, AHIMTB, 2021.

Dennison de OLIVEIRA: Extermine o inimigo: blindados brasileiros na Segunda Guerra Mundial. Curitiba, Juruá, 2015.

Durval Muniz ALBUQUERQUE JÚNIOR: História: a arte de inventar o passado, Bauru, Edusc, 2007.

Durval Muniz ALBUQUERQUE JÚNIOR, “A dimensão retórica da historiografia” in Carla Bassanezi PINSKY e Tânia Regina de LUCA (orgs): O historiador e suas fontes, São Paulo, Contexto, 2009.

Elio GASPARI: A ditadura envergonhada, Rio de Janeiro, Intrínseca, 2014.

ESTRELA DE DAVID NO CRUZEIRO DO SUL. Direção: Israel Blajberg. Rio de Janeiro: Pátria Filmes; Academia de História Militar Terrestre do Brasil, 2016. 1 DVD (72 min).

Eurico Gaspar DUTRA apud Mauro Renault LEITE e Novelli JÚNIOR: Marechal Eurico Gaspar Dutra: o dever da verdade, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Fronteira, 1983.

Francisco César Alves FERRAZ: A guerra que não acabou: a reintegração social dos veteranos da Força Expedicionária Brasileira (1945-2000), Londrina, EDUEL, 2012.

Francisco César Alves FERRAZ: “Brasil e Segunda Guerra Mundial” in Francisco Carlos Teixeira da SILVA (org), Enciclopédia de guerras e revoluções: volume II – 1919-1945, Rio de Janeiro, Elsevier, 2015.

Francisco José MINEIRO JÚNIOR: “O início da Guerra da Tríplice Aliança no sul de Mato Grosso” in Anais do 7º Encontro Internacional de História sobre as Operações Bélicas na Guerra da Tríplice Aliança, Rio de Janeiro, IGHMB, 2015.

Frank MCCANN: A aliança Brasil-Estados Unidos 1937-1945, Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca do Exército, 1995.

Frederico Soares RIBEIRO: “Os Febianos: experiência, consciência e agência dos trabalhadores brasileiros convocados para a guerra na Força Expedicionária Brasileira - FEB (1943-1945)”, Revista Mundos do Trabalho, Florianópolis, v. 11, p. 1–30, 2019. Disponível em: https://periodicos.ufsc.br/index.php/mundos dotrabalho/article/view/1984-9222.2019.e66536. Acesso em 09/09/2023.

Fundação Getúlio Vargas: Guia de Proteção de Dados Pessoais, Rio de Janeiro, FVG, 2020.

Giovanni LATFALLA: Relações militares Brasil-EUA (1939-1943), Rio de Janeiro, Gramma, 2019.

Gustavo BARROSO: “Esquematização da História Militar do Brasil”, Anais do Museu Histórico Nacional, volume 3, 1942.

Henry ROUSSO: “A memória não é mais o que era” in Janaína AMADO e Marieta de Moraes FERREIRA (coord), Usos e abusos da história oral, Rio de Janeiro, Editora da Fundação Getúlio Vargas, 1996.

Jacques LE GOFF: “Memória” in Enciclopédia EINAUDI I, Memória-História, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda, 1984.

João Baptista Mascarenhas de MORAES: A FEB pelo seu Comandante, São Paulo, Instituto Progresso Editorial, 1947.

João Baptista Mascarenhas de MORAES: A FEB pelo seu Comandante, Rio de Janeiro, Estabelecimento General Gustavo Cordeiro de Farias, 1960.

João Baptista Mascarenhas de MORAES: A FEB pelo seu Comandante, Rio de Janeiro, Biblioteca do Exército Editora, 2005.

José D’Assunção BARROS: O campo da história: especialidades e abordagens, Petrópolis, Vozes, 2004.

José Murilo de CARVALHO: “Vargas e os Militares: aprendiz de Feiticeiro” in Maria Celina D’ARAÚJO (org), As instituições brasileiras da Era Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, FGV, 1999.

Lucia SANTAELLA e Winfreid NOTH: Imagem: cognição, semiótica, mídia, São Paulo, Iluminuras, 1999.

Luiz FAGUNDES: Almanaque Segunda Guerra Mundial, Rio de Janeiro, [s.n.], 2015.

Margarida Maria Rocha BERNARDES, Gertrudes Teixeira LOPES e Tânia Cristina Franco SANTOS. “Base de sustentação militar de Vargas durante a 2ª Guerra e a soberania bélica alemã: percepções de enfermeiras e militares”, Revista Texto Contexto Enfermagem, Florianópolis, 2005 Out-Dez; 14(4):544-50. Disponível em: https://www.scielo.br/j/tce/a/ 9Mp4XsLMyhbfxX9p4S7WP6j/#ModalDownloads. Acesso em 09/09/2023.

Margarida Maria Rocha BERNARDES, Sonia Helena da Costa KAMINITZ, Laurinda Rosa MACIEL, Anna Beatriz de Sá ALMEIDA, Alexandre Barbosa de OLIVEIRA, Fernando Rocha PORTO: “Uma enfermeira da Força Expedicionária Brasileira na Segunda Guerra Mundial: Fundo Virgínia Portocarrero da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz”, História, Ciências, Saúde - Manguinhos, 29 (2), 2022, p. 531–550.

Maria Celina D’ARAÚJO: As instituições brasileiras na Era Vargas, Rio de Janeiro, FGV, 1999.

Michael POLLAK: “Memória e identidade social”, Revista Estudos Históricos, Rio de Janeiro, volume 5, número 10, 1992.

Michelle PERROT: As mulheres ou os silêncios da história, Bauru, EDUSC, 2005.

Michelle PERROT: Minha história de mulheres, São Paulo, Contexto, 2016.

Neill LOCHERY: Brasil: os frutos da guerra, Rio de Janeiro, Intrínseca, 2015.

Paul RICOUER: A memória, a história, o esquecimento, Campinas, Unicamp, 2005.

Peter BURKE: A fabricação do Rei: a construção da imagem pública de Luís XIV, Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar, 1994.

Peter BURKE: Testemunha ocular: o uso de imagens como evidência histórica, São Paulo, Unesp, 2017.

Pierre BOURDIEU: Sobre a televisão, Rio de Janeiro, Jorge Zahar Editora, 1997.

Pierre NORA: “Entre memória e história: a problemática dos lugares”, Revista Projeto História, São Paulo, volume 10, dezembro de 1993.

QUE FALTA QUE ME FEZ. Direção: Daniel Mata Roque. Rio de Janeiro: Pátria Filmes, 2014. 1 DVD (28 min).

Simone BEAUVOIR: O segundo sexo: A experiência vivida, volume 2, Rio de Janeiro, Nova Fronteira. 1967.

UNIRIO. Enfermeira que atuou na Segunda Guerra Mundial será homenageada pela UNIRIO. 03/03/2020. Disponível em: http://www.unirio.br/proreitoriadeextensaoecultura/cultura/noticias/teste. Acesso em 09/09/2023.

Vágner Camilo ALVES: O Brasil e a Segunda Guerra Mundial: história de um envolvimento forçado, Rio de Janeiro, Ed. PUC-Rio; São Paulo: Loyola, 2002.

Downloads

Published

2024-12-17

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 27 (2024): Redefining Resistance: Women in National Liberation Movements during the Second World War

Section

Estudios

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Daniel Mata Roque, Margarida Rocha Bernardes, Fernando Porto

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Veterans‘ census: 80 years of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. (2024). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 13(27), 272-294. https://doi.org/10.53351/2n73nm70

Similar Articles

1-10 of 534

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

StockholmapotekMadrid FarmaciaFarmaciadehesaFarmaciaSevilla.comFarmaciaSenovillaSancho.comMisaludfarmaciaFarmaciavirginiamartinFarmacialojaFarmacias21