Las funciones extramilitares de las fortificaciones cruzadas, 1187-circa 1380

Authors

  • Kristian Molin

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.437

Keywords:

arquitectura militar, relaciones entre civiles y combatientes, fortificaciones, cruzadas

Abstract

Resumen: Aunque muchos de los aspectos militares y estratégicos de las fortificaciones cruzadas han sido estudiados en el pasado, rara vez se han examinado en detalle sus usos extramilitares. Esta omisión ha conducido en cierta medida a la falsa impresión de que las fortificaciones latinas (y armenias) en el Mediterráneo oriental solo se utilizaron para la guerra y no desempeñaron un papel significativo en tiempo de paz. En realidad, muchas de estas estructuras, especialmente en áreas menos expuestas como Chipre, pasaron bastante más tiempo cumpliendo funciones domésticas más bien prosaicas que directamente envueltas en conflictos bélicos. El propósito de este artículo, por tanto, es analizar el uso de estructuras tales como residencias, prisiones y salas de justicia, así como centros neurálgicos del comercio, la administración, la agricultura y diversas actividades religiosas. Se hará alusión a fortificaciones en la Grecia ocupada por los francos, Chipre, Tierra Santa y el reino armenio de Cilicia durante el período 1187-circa 1380. 

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Musulmanes: David AYALON: “Studies on the structure of the Mamluk army”, Bulletin of Oriental and African Studies, 15 (1950), pp. 203-228, 448-476, en particular 222; Íd., Bulletin of Oriental and African Studies, 16 (1954), pp. 57-90, en particular 70-71. Búlgaros: Godofredo DE VILLEHARDOUIN: La Conquête de Constantinople, ed. N. de Wailly, París, 1882, p. 256.

“L'Estoire d'Eracles empereur et la conqueste de la terre d'Outremer”, en Recueil des historiens des croisades. Historiens occidentaux, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 5 vols, París, 1844-95, vol. 2, p. 428; Marino SANUDO: “Liber secretorum fidelium crucis”, ed. J. Bongars, en Gesta Dei per Francos, 2 vols, Hannau, 1611, vol. 2, p. 217. Ver también los comentarios de Jonathan S. C. Riley-Smith en Ibn AL-FURAT: Ayyubids, Mameluks and Crusaders. Selections from the Tarikh al-Duwal wa "l-Muluk, ed. y trad. U. Lyons y M. C. Lyons, 2 vols, Cambridge, W. Heffer and Sons, 1971, vol. 2, p. 173, nota 2.

En 1298, por ejemplo, los armenios fueron incapaces de evitar que un ejército mameluco que supuestamente contaba con 20 000 soldados arrasara los campos de Cilicia. Ver AL-MAKRIZI: Histoire des Sultans Mamlouks de l 'Egypte, trad. M. E. Quatrembre, 2 vols., Paris, 1845, vol. 2, parte 2, pp. 60-61.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: ltinerarium Terrae Sanctae, ed. S. de Sandoli, en ltinera Hierosolwnitana Crucesignatorum, 4 vols., Jerusalén, Franciscan Print Press, 1978-84, vol. 3, pp. 204-206.

Nicolás DE MARTONI: “Relation du pèlerinage à Jérusalem de Nicolas de Martoni, notaire Italien (1394-1395)”, ed. L. Le Grand, Revue de l'Orient Latin, 3 (1895), pp. 647-53,656; K. M. SETTON: Catalan domination of Athens, 1311 – 1388, Cambridge, MA, Medieval Academy of America, 1948, pp. 227-232.

Livre de la conquête de la princée de la Morée: Chronique de Morse (1204 - 1305), ed. J. Longnon, París, Laurens, 1911, pp. 220-221; To Chronikon tou Moreos: the Chronicle of Morea, ed. J. Schmitt, Londres, Methuen & Co., 1904, p. 524. Estas son las versiones francesa y griega de la Crónica de Morea. En este artículo he usado predominantemente la primera, pero debe tenerse en cuenta que también existen versiones aragonesas e italianas, y que las cuatro versiones están estrechamente relacionadas, aunque no son idénticas. Para obtener más detalles sobre esta fuente y cómo las cuatro versiones se relacionan entre sí, vea Peter LOCK: The Franks in the Aegean, 1204 -1500, Londres, Longman, 1995, pp. 21-24.

J. FOLDA: “Crusader frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 36 (1982), pp. 177-210.

A. H. S. MEGAW: “Supplementary excavations on a castle site at Paphos, Cyprus, 1970 71”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers, 26 (1972), pp. 324-325; Meron BENVENISTI: The crusaders in the Holy Land, Jerusalén, Israel Universities Pres, 1970, pp. 374-376.

Atenas: Peter LOCK: “The Frankish tower on the Acropolis, Athens. The photographs of William J. Stillman”, Annual of the British School at Athens, 82 (1987), p. 133. Acre: Felipe DE NOVARA: The wars of Frederick II against the lbelins in Syria and Cyprus, ed. and trad. J. L. La Monte, Nueva York, Columbia University Press, 1936, p. 171. Montfort: E. W. G. MASTERMAN: “A crusaders' fortress in Palestine”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 60 (1928), p. 96.

Marino SANUDO: “Istoria del regno di Romaniasive regno di Morea”, en Chroniques Gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues, ed. C. Hopf, Berlín, Bibliopoleion, 1873, p. 101; Antoine BON: La Morée franque: recherches historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur la principauté d'Achaïe (1205-1430), París, Éd. de Boccard, 1969, pp. 608-629, y en concreto 608-622; Kevin ANDREWS: Castles of the Morea, Princeton, American School of Classical Studies at Athen, 1953, pp. 149-158, y en particular 154-158.

A. H. S. MEGAW: “The arts in Cyprus: B. Military architecture”, en K. M. SETTON (ed.), A history of the Crusades, 6 vols., Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 1955-89, vol. 4, pp. 203-205; C. ENLART: L'art gothique et de la renaissance' en Chipre. 2 vols., París, Ernest Leroux, 1899, vol. 2, pp. 525-538, 575-577, 590-595.

Diomedes STRAMBALDI: Chroniques d'Amadi et de Strambaldi, ed. R. de Mas Latrie, París, Imprimerie nationale, 1891, p. 282.

Denys PRINGLE: The Red Tower, Londres, British School of Archaeology in Jerusalem, 1986, p. 15.

Documents sur le régime des terres dans la principauté de Morée au XIVe siècle, eds J. Longnon y P. Topping, París, De Gruyter, 1969, pp. 70-71; Peter LOCK: “The Frankish towers of central Greece”, Annual of the British School at Athens, 81 (1986), p. 110. Para ver más ejemplos de torres en Grecia que actuaban como centros neurálgicos de diversos asentamientos agrícolas, véase también J. BINTLIFF: “The Frankish countryside in central Greece: the evidence from archaeological field survey”, en Peter LOCK y G. D. R. SANDERS (eds.), The archaeology of medieval Greece, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 1-18. Kolossi: C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 683-694. Kolossi fue entregada a los caballeros hospitalarios por Hugo I de Chipre en 1210; véase Cartulaire général de l'ordre des Hospitaliers de St.Jean de Jérusalem (1100 - 1310), ed. J. Delaville Le Roulx, 4 vols., París, Ernest Leroux, 1894-1906, vol. 2, no. 1354, pp. 121-122.

Peter LOCK: “The Frankish towers of central Greece”, p. 111; Íd.: “The medieval towers of Frankish Greece: a problem in chronology and function”, en B. ARBEL, B. HAMMILTON y D. JACBOY (eds.), Latins and Greeks in the eastern Mediterranean after 1204, Londres, Routledge, 1989, p. 138.

Peter LOCK: “The towers of Euboea: Lombard or Venetian, agrarian or strategic”, en Peter LOCK and G. D. R. SANDERS: op. cit., pp. 107–126.

“Les gestes des Chiprois”, ed. G. Raynaud, en Recueil des historiens des croisades. Documents arméniens, 2 vols., París, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1869-1906, vol. 2, pp. 814-815; E. G. REY: “Etude sur la topographie de la ville d'Acre au XIIle siècle”, Mémoires de la societé nationale des antiquairies de France, 39 (1878). Los cuarteles fortificados de Acre se analizarán más abajo.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: Historia Damiatina, ed. H. Hoogeweg, Tubinga, Bibliothek des litterarischen Vereins in Stuttgart, 1894, p. 171; Gestes, p. 741; Jean DE JOINVILLE, Histoire de Saint Louis, ed. N. de Wailly, París, 1874, p. 282.

Cartulaire, vol. 2, nos. 1602-1603, pp. 238-240; Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, Les châteaux des croisés en Terre Sainte, 3 vols., París, Paul Geuthner, 1934, vol. 1, 126-7.

Denys PRINGLE: “A thirteenth century hall at Montfort castle in western Galilee”, Antiquaries Journal, 66 (1986), pp. 60-75.

Beaufort y Sidón: Paul DESCHAMPS: La defense du royaume de Jérusalem, Les châteaux des croisés en Terre Sainte, vol. 2, París, Paul Geuthner, 1939, pp. 206-208, 232. Karytaina and Chlemoutsi: Antoine BON: op. cit., pp. 614, 632. St Hilarion: C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 591-594. Crac des Chevaliers: Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers…, pp. 213-224.

Gestes, p. 793.

Livre de la conqueste, pp. 397-399.

La Règle du Temple, ed. H. de Curzon (París, 1886), cláusulas 554, 573, 593, 603.

Gestes, p. 805.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 204; Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du comté de Tripoli et de la principauté d'Antioche, Les châteaux des crois& en Terre Sainte, vol. 3, París, Paul Geuthner, 1973, p. 231: Hugh KENNEDY: Crusader castles, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 1994, p. 96.

Florio BUSTRON: Chronique de l'île de Chypre, ed. R. de Mas Latrie, París, Imprimerie nationale, 1886, pp. 143-145; Francesco AMADI: Chroniques d'Amadi et de Strambaldi, ed. R. de Mas Latrie, París, Imprimerie nationale, 1891, pp. 386, 388, 390. Para un resumen de esta disputa, véase P. W. EDBURY: The kingdom of Cyprus and the Crusades, 1191 1374, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991, pp. 100-140, y en particular 109-131.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: Recital concerning the sweet land of Cyprus, entitled 'Chronicle’, ed. y trad. R. M. Dawkins, 2 vols., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1932, vol. l, cap.. 85, p. 77, cap. 257, pp. 237-239; Francesco AMADI: op. cit., p. 408; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., 257; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., pp. 34-35, 101. Para una descripción de Kyrenia, véase C. ENLART: op. cit., vol 2, pp. 559-577.

Francesco AMADI: op. cit., p. 393; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., p. 245. Para una descripción de Buffavento, véase C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 596-605

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 610-1, pp. 601-3; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., pp. 255-256.

William OF MACHAUT: La prise d'Alexandre, ou chronique du roi Pierre ler de Lusignan, ed. L. de Mas Latrie, Ginebra, J.G. Fick, 1877, pp. 258-259, 265. Véase también Francesco AMADI: op. cit., p. 422; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., p. 271; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., p. 102; Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 260, p. 241, cap. 265, p. 247; C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2., pp. 520-521; P. W. EDBURY: op. cit., 172-9.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, p. 160.

Livre de la conqueste, p. 149.

Arsuf: Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 78, 88-89. Safed: R. B. C. HUYGENS: “Un nouveau texte du trait de constructione castri Saphet”, Studi Medievali, ser. 3, 6, parte 1 (1965), pp. 381-382, líneas 115-124.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 594-7, pp. 591-593.

Matthew PARIS: Chronica Maiora, ed. H. R. Luard, 7 vols., Rolls Series, 57, Londres, Longman, 1872-83, vol. 2, p. 371; Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du comté de Tripoli, pp. 279-280.

George PACHYMERES: “De Michaele et Andronico Palaeologis libri XIII”, ed. I. Bekker, en: Corpus scriptorum historiae Byzantinae, 2 vols., Bonn, E.D. Weberi, 1835, vol. 1, p. 209.

Livre de la conqueste, pp. 245-247, 260.

“Feudal institutions as revealed in the Assizes of Romania, the law code of Frankish Greece”, trad. P. Topping, en Peter TOPPING, Studies on Latin Greece, Londres, Variorum Reprints, 1977, ensayo 1, artículos 43, p. 177, y véase artículo 9.

Ibídem, artículo 94. En 1275, por ejemplo, el Alto Tribunal se reunió en Andravida para dirimir una importante disputa sobre tierras. Véase Livre de la conqueste, pp. 197-211.

Nouvelles preuves de l'histoire de Chypre sous le règne des princes de la maison de Lusignan, ed. L. de Mas Latrie, Bibliothèque de l'Ecole des chartes, 35, París, J. Baur et Détaillle, 1874, pp. 120-121; P. W. EDBURY: op. cit., 194.

Castillo del peregrino: “Livre de Jean d'Ibelin”, en Recueil des historiens des croisades, Lois. Les assises de Jérusalem, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 2 vols., París, ed. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 1841-3, vol. 1, p. 420. Belvoir y el área circundante habían sido capturados por Saladino tras los sucesos de Hattin. En 1241, un acuerdo de paz con los musulmanes devolvió brevemente la región a los latinos, antes de que se perdiera de nuevo tras la batalla de La Forbie (1244). Por tanto, no sabemos con certeza si los hospitalarios tuvieron tiempo de volver a guarnecer Belvoir después de 1241. Véase Matthew PARIS: op. cit., vol. 4, 142; Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The knights of St John in Jerusalem and Cyprus, c. 1050-1310, Londres, Palgrave, 1967, pp. 415-416, 436-437; Christopher Marshall: Warfare in the latin East, 1192-1291, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 20-21.

Livre de la conqueste, 328-9. Ver también Antoine BON: op. cit., pp. 657-658.

Cartulaire, vol. 3, no. 3051, p. 64. Ver también B. Z. KEDAR: “The subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant', en J. M. POWELL (ed.), Muslims under Latin rule, 1100-1300, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1990, pp. 160-174.

'De constructione castri Saphet', línea 182, p. 384.

Denys PRINGLE: The Red Tower, pp. 13, 60. Steven TIBBLE: Monarchy and lordships in the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1989, p. 142, no está de acuerdo con Pringle, y cree que Qaqun estuvo en manos de los templarios, y no de los señores de Cesarea.

Antoine BON: op. cit., p. 612, y véase 602-607 para una descripción de las defensas de esta ciudad, que parecen haber sido construidas desde cero por los francos en el siglo XIII.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 594-7, pp. 591-3; Francesco AMADI: op. cit., 490; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., 250-1; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., 349; P. W. EDBURY: op. cit., 191-2; J. RICHARD: “The institutions of the kingdom of Cyprus”, en K. M. SETTON (ed.), A history of the Crusades, vol. 6, pp. 162-163; C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, 519-20.

Cartulaire, vol. 2, no. 1193, pp. 31-40.

Gestes, 815; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood. A history of the Order of the Temple, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1994, pp. 267-268, 311.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 257-8, 386. Para una descripción moderna de esta gran fortaleza, ver también Denys PRINGLE: “Review article: reconstructing the castle of Safad”, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 117 (1985), pp. 139-149.

Marino SANUDO: Liber secretorum, p. 206; Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., 171-2. Para una descripción del Castillo del peregrino, véase Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., 169-71; James DE VITRY: Lettres de Jacques de Vitry, ed. R.B.C. Huygens, Leyden, Brill, 1960, pp. 99-100; C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit: the crusader castle, town and surroundings, Jerusalén, Department of Antiquities, 1947, pp. 36-67.

Cartulaire, vol. 2, no. 2726, p. 777, no. 2811, pp. 815-7; Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The knights of St John, pp. 413-417.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., pp. 202, 206, 208, 210; Brocardo DE MONTESIÓN: “Descriptio Terrae Sanctae”, ed. J. Laurent, en Peregrinatores medii aevi quator, Leipzig, 1873, pp. 23, 29, 33-34.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 215-225, 384-385; Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., p. 171: Mateo de París, Chronica Maiora, vol. 3, 14.

Mi'ilya: Tabulae ordinis Theutonici, ed. E. Strehlke, (Berlín, 1869), no. 112, pp. 91-4. Kolossi: Enlart, L 'art gothique, vol. 2, 694.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., p. 171; C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit, 72.

Corfú: Régestes des délibérations du sénat de Venise concernant la Romanie, ed. F. Thiriet, 3 vols., París, Mouton et Co., 1958-61, vol. I, no. 850, 202. Castellorizzo: Le saint voyage de Jérusalem du seigneur d'Anglure, eds. F. Bonnardot y A. Longnon, París, Firmin Didot, 1878, pp. 89-91.

Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., 251; Denys PRINGLE: “Survey of castles in the crusader kingdom of Jerusalem, 1989: preliminary report”, Levant, 23 (1991), p. 89. Recordane se llevó la peor parte de una incursión mameluca en Acre en 1267. Véase Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 103, nota 2.

C. N. JOHNS: “Excavations at Pilgrims' Castle ('Atlit): the faubourg and its defences”, Boletín trimestral del Departamento de Antigüedades de Palestina, 1 (1932), p. 120.

Hugh KENNEDY: op. cit., pp. 99-100; Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, p. 189.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, pp. 152, 203-204.

Livre de la conqueste, p. 273.

Godofredo DE VILLEHARDOUIN: op. cit., p. 250.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 470, p. 453; Diomedes STRAMBALDI: op. cit., p. 194.

Margat: Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 210. Safed: “De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 229-33, 385.

Margat: Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 210. Cave de Tyron: Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du royaume de Jérusalem, pp. 219-220.

lbn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, p. 85

La Règle du Temple, en su cláusula 126, trata de los suministros de este tipo para los castillos. En la década de 1930 se descubrieron grandes establos en el Castillo del peregrino, lo cual nos proporcionó un excelente ejemplo del tipo de ganado que se mantenía dentro de las fortificaciones. Véase C. N. JOHNS: 'Excavations at Pilgrims' Castle ('Atlit): stables at the south-west of the suburbs', Boletín trimestral del Departamento de Antigüedades de Palestina, 5 (1935-6), 31-60.

“Usanzas y Estatutos de Romania”, artículo 159.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, 155; A. W. LAWRENCE: “The castle of Baghras”, en T.S.R. BOASE (ed.), The Cilician kingdom of Armenia, Edimburgo, Scottish Academic Press, 1978, pp. 58-59. Véase también Hugh KENNEDY: op. cit., p. 100.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 139. Para la captura de Crac de los Caballeros en 1271, véase Gestes, p. 768, 777: Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 143-149: AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, pp. 84-85.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, p. 130; AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, p. 56; Cartulaire, vol. 3, no. 3400, p. 231. Para la captura de Montfort en 1271, véase Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 106-112; AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, p. 87; Gestes, p. 778.

Estienne DE LUSIGNAN: Description de toute l'isle de Cypre, París, G. Chaudière, 1580, pp. 24-25; David JACOBY: “The rise of a new emporium in the eastern Mediterranean: Famagusta in the late thirteenth century”, en Íd. (ed.), Studies on the Crusader States and on Venetian expansion, Northampton, Variorum Reprints, 1989, ensayo 8, pp. 149-150.

Federico II: Felipe DE NOVARA: op. cit., p. 73; Florio BUSTRON: op. cit., pp. 63-64; Gestes, p. 676. Luis IX: Jean DE JOINVILLE: op. cit., pp. 72-74.

David JACOBY: “The rise of a new emporium”, pp. 147-154; C. ENLART: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 673-683.

Las defensas de Acre y Tiro protegieron a los habitantes de estas ciudades y su prosperidad económica en muchas ocasiones. Véase, por ejemplo, AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. I, parte 1, 199-200 y vol. 1, parte 2, 27 - 8; Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 57 - 9, 87 (incursiones mamelucas en Acre en 1263, y en Acre y Tiro en 1266).

Jean Alexandre C. BUCHON (ed.): Nouvelles recherches historiques sur la principauté française de Morée et ses hautes baronnies à la suite de la Quatrième Croisade, 2 vols, París, Au Comptoir des imprimeurs unis, 1843, vol. 2, no. 9, pp. 98-103; Antoine BON: op. cit., pp. 320-322.

Peter LOCK: The Franks in the Aegean, pp. 154-155, 252-253; William MILLER: The Latins in the Levant: a history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566), Londres, E. P. Dutton and Co., 1908, pp. 495, 498; Kevin ANDREWS: op. cit., pp. 14, 59. Para descripciones generales de las defensas en estos enclaves, que habían sido tomados por Venecia desde justo después de la Cuarta Cruzada, véase Ibídem, pp. 15-23 (Corone), 61-83 (Modona).

Para una descripción detallada de estos, véase E. G. REY: “Etude sur la topographie”, p. 137 (Venecia), 137-138 (Génova), 138-139 (Pisa); Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., pp. 98-100 (Pisa), 100-102 (Génova), 102-104 (Venecia); David JACOBY: “Crusader Acre in the thirteenth century: urban layout and topography”, en Íd., Studies on the Crusader States…, ensayo 5, pp. 19-26 (Pisa), 26-30 (Génova), 30-36 (Venecia).

Gestes, pp. 742-748. Para más detalles sobre esta disputa, véase Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The feudal nobility and the kingdom of Jerusalem, 1174-1277, Londres, Palgrave, 1973, pp. 215-217.

Leontios MAKHAIRAS: op. cit., cap. 372, p. 353.

Gestes, p. 829.

Véase, por ejemplo, Régestes, ed. F. Thiriet, vol. 1, no. 371, p. 97, y Peter LOCK: “The medieval towers of Frankish Greece”, p. 139; Íd.: “The Frankish towers of central Greece”, pp. 108-109; Íd.: “The towers of Euboea”, p. 111 (torres de Nesiotissa y Basilika), 116 (torre urbana en Chalkis), 117 (torre de Aliberi-Matsoukela), 118.

Le Trésor des chartes d'Arménie, ou cartulaire de la chancellerie royale des Roupéniens, ed. V. Langlois, Venecia, Typographie Arménienne de Saint-Lazare, 1863, no. 23, pp. 170-175, y véase 35-38, 49-50. Para descripciones generales de los castillos de Ayas y Córico, véase R. W. EDWARDS: The fortifications of Cilician Armenia, Dumbarton Oaks Studies, 23, Washington DC, 1987, pp. 77-81 (Ayas), 161-166 (Córico); L. M. ALISHAN: Sissouan ou l'Arméno-Cilicie, Venecia, S. Lazare, 1899, pp. 397-402 (Córico), 432-434 (Ayas). Para la importancia económica de estos enclaves, véase también C. CAHEN: La Syrie du Nord à l'époque des croisades et la principauté franque d'Antioche, París, 1940, pp. 689-691; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, p. 240.

Gestes, pp. 768-769; David JACOBY: “Crusader Acre”, pp. 8-10.

Kevin ANDREWS: op. cit., pp. 187-91, en concreto 187. Para las medidas defensivas de los venecianos con respecto a este puente, véase también Peter LOCK: “The towers of Euboea”, p. 118.

R. RÖHRICHT (ed.): Regesta regni Hierosolymitani, 1097-1291, Innsbruck, 1893, no. 977, p. 257.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., 169; C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit, pp. 94-98.

Paul DESCHAMPS: La défense du comté de Tripoli, pp. 284-285. Los Templarios estaban exentos de pagar cuando usaban esta puerta; véase Cartulaire, vol. 2, no. 2058, pp. 455-457.

Documento reproducido en L. M. ALISHAN: op. cit., p. 239. Véase también R. W. EDWARDS: op. cit., pp. 147-149; Kurt FORSTREUTER: Der Deutsche Orden am Mittelmeer, Bonn, Verlag Wissenschatliches Archiv, 1967, p. 65. Para Servantikar, ver R. W. EDWARDS: op. cit., pp. 217-220.

Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., p. 169.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 268-90, 386 7.

La Règle du Temple, cláusula 188, menciona que los indigentes eran alimentados en los castillos. Para más información sobre las enfermerías, véase I. STERNS: “The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States”, en K. M. SETTON (ed.), A history of the Crusades, vol. 5, pp. 341-348; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, pp. 217-218; A. LUTTRELL: “The Hospitallers' medical tradition: 1291-1530”, en Malcolm BARBER (ed.), The Military Orders: fighting for the faith and caring for the sick, Aldershot, Variorum Reprints, 1994, pp. 64-81.

Willbrand VON OLDENBURG: op. cit., p. 212; Brocardo DE MONTESIÓN: op. cit., pp. 30-31; Bernard HAMILTON: The Latin Church in the crusader states: the secular Church, Londres, Variorum, 1980, p. 215.

Cesarea: Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., 140-5. Atenas: Henri DE VALENCIENNES: L 'estoire de Impereur Henri de Constantinopla, ed. J. Longnon, París, Paul Geuthner, 1948), p. 115; K. M. SETTON: “Athens in the later twelfth century”, en Íd. (ed.), Athens in the Middle Ages, Londres, Variorum Reprints, 1975, ensayo 3, pp. 197-201.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, 126, 161-2, 165; AL-MAKRIZI: op. cit., vol. 1, parte 2, 127; C. CAHEN: op. cit., pp. 697-698, 717.

Bar HEBRAEUS: The chronography of Gregory Abu 'l Faraj, the son of Aaron, the Hebrew physician commonly known as Bar Hebraeus, trad. E.A. Wallis Budge, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1932, p. 453; L. M. ALISHAN: op. cit., pp. 172-173.

Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, p. 199.

Ibn AL-FURAT: op. cit., vol. 2, pp. 56-57.

Meron BENVENISTI: op. cit., 358-9.

“De constructione castri Saphet”, líneas 124-8, 382.

Tabulae ordinis Theutonici, no. 72, pp. 56-57.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, pp. 197-201; Íd.: La défense du comté de Tripoli, pp. 254, 277-278: E. G. REY: Étude sur les monuments de I 'architecture militaire des croisés en Syrie et dans l'îe de Chypre, París, Imprimerie Nationale, 1871, pp. 26-28, 48-49, 88-89; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, p. 194.

C. N. JOHNS: Guide to 'Atlit, pp. 52-58; Denys PRINGLE: “Reconstructing the castle of Salad”, pp. 147-148; Elie LAMBERT: L'architecture des Templiers, París, Éditions A. et J. Picard, 1978, pp. 5-19, 30-31, 92-93; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, 194-5.

Paul DESCHAMPS: Le Crac des Chevaliers, pp. 216-24; Richard HARPER y Denys PRINGLE: “Belmont castle: a historical notice and preliminary report of excavations in 1986”, Levant, 20 (1988), pp. 104, 116.

Para más detalles sobre estos temas, véase Jonathan S. C. RILEY-SMITH: The knights of St John, pp. 375-420; Malcolm BARBER: The new knighthood, pp. 55-63, 195-198.

Sidón: EMOUL: Chronique d'Ernoul et de Bernard le Trésorier, ed. L. de Mas-Latrie, París, 1871, p. 459; L'Estoire d'Eracles, p. 365; Gestes, p. 676; Hugh KENNEDY: op. cit., pp. 122-124. Castillo del peregrino: Oliverio DE PADERBORN: op. cit., pp. 168, 207.

Louis IX: Jean DE JOINVILLE: op. cit., p. 284. RICARDO I: Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, ed. W. Stubbs, 2 vols. Rolls Series, 38, Londres, 1864, vol. 1, p. 317.

Downloads

Published

2018-07-11

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 14 (2018): La lógica de la guerra “irregular” en la Antigüedad

Section

Traducciones

License

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Las funciones extramilitares de las fortificaciones cruzadas, 1187-circa 1380. (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(14). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.437

Similar Articles

1-10 of 422

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.