The Restoration in New Spain: War, Regime Changes and Militarization in New Spain, 1814-1820

Authors

  • Rodrigo Moreno Gutiérrez Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i15.471

Keywords:

Independence of Mexico, militarization, Cadiz Constitution, counterinsurgency

Abstract

This article deals with a set of historical phenomena located in New Spain during the period of the absolutist restoration. The text is aimed to expose the complex-ity of the events that occurred between the arrival of the news of the restoration of Ferdinand VII as an absolute monarch in 1814 and the new implementation of the constitutional regime in 1820. Among other objectives, the present study aims to analyze the impact of the return to the Ancien Régime envisioned by Ferdinand VII in terms of the political and military structure. To this end, we will first consider the particularities of the New Spain restoration and the vicissitudes of the conflict in those years. In this way, the article reviews the decline and fragmentation of the insurgency after the fall of its most visible leader, priest José María Morelos, and problematizes the arbitrariness and ambiguities caused by the abolition of the constitutional regime and the political, military and financial implications that produced the absolutist restoration ordered by the viceroy Felix Maria Calleja. In second instance, the significant Oaxacan case is examined as one of the few but significant examples of genuine military reconquest followed by the problematic and relative abolition of Cadiz constitutionalism, a scenario that offers interesting cases of political opportunism and manipulations tending aiming at the segregation of groups and entire communities. Finally, the present article examines three emblematic problems of the period in question, which are re-viewed to evaluate the policies of the war: the implementation of the pardons as one of the most representative phenomena of continuity between the viceroys Calleja and his successor Juan Ruiz de Apodaca; the militarism of provincial governments and territorial control structures as tangible consequences of the prolongation of the independence revolution and the growth of the “realistas” militias, the latter as a visible example of the increasing militarization of New Spain’s society.             

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Author Biography

  • Rodrigo Moreno Gutiérrez, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México

    Rodrigo Moreno Gutiérrez es  doctor en Historia por la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), en donde también realizó sus estudios de licenciatura y maestría en Historia. Cursó el Máster de especialización en Historia del Mundo Hispánico en el Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, en Madrid, España. Se desempeña como investigador de tiempo completo del Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas de la UNAM. En México es Investigador Nacional nivel I en el Sistema Nacional de Investigadores (SNI). Ha publicado varios capítulos en libros colectivos y artículos en revistas académicas y es autor del libro La trigarancia: fuerzas armadas en la consumación de la independencia. Nueva España, 1820-1821 (UNAM, 2016). Sus principales líneas de investigación están relacionadas con los lenguajes políticos y la historia social de la guerra en las revoluciones de independencia en Hispanoamérica.

References

Fuentes

Archivos

Archivo Histórico del Distrito Federal, México (AHDF)

Archivo General de Indias, España (AGI)

Archivo General Militar de Madrid, España (AGMM)

Archivo General de la Nación, México (AGN)

Hemerografía

Gaceta del Gobierno de México

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Published

— Updated on 2018-12-29

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 15 (2018): La Restauración como fenómeno extra-europeo, 1814-1826

Section

Dossier

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How to Cite

The Restoration in New Spain: War, Regime Changes and Militarization in New Spain, 1814-1820. (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(15). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i15.471

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