Spanish Prisoners and Captives in the 18th Century England: An Approach to Their Location and Conditions

Authors

  • Evaristo C. Martínez-Radío Garrido Universidade do Porto

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v9i18.619

Keywords:

POW's, captives, 18th Century, England, Spaniards

Abstract

In spite of the almost continuous conflicts between the Crowns of Spain and Britain throughout the 18th century, the study of the conditions and location of Spanish prisoners in England in that period remains an unexplored field in Spain. Both factors depended on the type of captive, with two major differentiations between combatants and non-combatants, which included civilians, as they might have been passengers in a ship captured by a privateer. Other influential factors such as military rank (if applicable), social class or occupation played a role too. As a result, captives would receive different treatments and be lodged in one place or another, varying basically from depots to pontoons, or as prisoners on parole. Spanish prisoners received a treatment similar to that of the French, comparing to other nations. The depots were mainly on the Southern coast of England, especially within the area comprising the Isle of Wight, Portchester, Tavistock, Southampton, Plymouth and Portsmouth, and became increasingly adapted to their purpose in marked contrast to similar lodgings in other European powers, including Spain. As the century advanced, so did the number of captives, so these depots gained ever greater prominence, evolving especially in accordance with political contexts like the French Revolution or in Napoleonic times. As for the treatment and maintenance of prisoners, it was reasonable according to the standards of the time, although it would depend on the war context and the places where prisoners were held. Therefore, general provisions may have been altered by a number of contingencies, needs or specific crises, which even came to the point where they simply overwhelmed authorities. In this sense, the bilateral provisions taken by the two powers were intended to ensure the correct observance of a dignified humanitarian treatment of their respective subjects in accordance to the standards of the time.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Evaristo C. Martínez-Radío Garrido, Universidade do Porto

    Evaristo C. Martínez-Radío Garrido, es investigador externo del Centro de Investigação Transdisciplinar «Cultura, Espaço e Memória» (CITCEM) de la Universidad de Oporto, especializado en Historia social relacionada a la guerra, centrándose sobre todo en el siglo XVIII e incluyendo la etapa napoleónica. Ha ejercido en universidades de España, Hungría y Reino Unido, lugar éste donde disfrutó de un contrato Marie Curie para desarrollar un proyecto internacional sobre prisioneros de guerra. Ha sido miembro investigador del grupo internacional “Lendűlet” Santa Corona, de la Academia de Ciencias de Hungría, participó en la realización del Diccionario Biográfico de Parlamentarios Españoles patrocinado por el Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales y fue Premio “Padre Patac” 2007 abordando la Guerra de Sucesión española. Ha organizado y ha sido invitado a participar en diferentes seminarios, jornadas y congresos en universidades como Oxford, Warwick, Complutense de Madrid, Clermont-Auvergne, Oviedo, UNED, Eötvös Loránd o Péter Pázmány, entre otras.

References

AA.VV.: Lives of illustrious seamen, to whose intrepidity and good conduct the English are indebted for the victory of their fleets, the increase of their dominions, the extensión of their commerce, and their pre-eminence on the Ocean, Londres, impreso por J. Cundee para T. Hurst, Paternoster-Row, J. Harris, Corner of Saint Paul’s, J. Wallis, Ludgate-Street y C. Chapple, Pall-Mall, 1803.

ÁLVAREZ CANGA, Lucas: “Un marco para la comprensión de los diferentes enemigos en el siglo XVIII y sus relaciones”, Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar, 3:6 (2014), pp. 141-158.

AYMES, Jean-René: La Guerra de la Independencia y la posguerra. Yo, para mi desgracia, estaba allí… Los escritos de los prisioneros españoles deportados y de los emigrados afrancesados en Francia (1808-1820), Legardeta, Foro para el Estudio de la Historia Militar de España, 2016.

BARUDIO, Günter: Historia Universal Siglo XXI, vol. 25¸ La época del absolutismo y la Ilustración, 1648-1779, Madrid, Siglo XXI Editores S.A., 1986.

BATHÉLEMY, Joseph; NÉZARD, Henri; ROLLAND, Louis: Les fondateurs du Droit International - François De Vitoria – Albericus Gentilis - François Suarez - Hugo Grotius - Richard Zouch - Pufendorf - Cornélius van Bynkershoek - Christian-Frédéric De Wolff - Emer De Vattel - Georges-Frédéric De Martens, París, Pantheon Assas Editions, 2014.

BAUGH, Daniel A.: British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1965.

BERGERON, Louis; FURET, François; KOSELLECK, Reinhart: Historia Universal Siglo XXI, vol. 26, La época de las revoluciones europeas, 1780-1848, Madrid, Siglo XXI Editores S.A., 1985.

BIELFELD, Barón de: Instituciones políticas. Obra en que se trata de la sociedad civil; de las leyes, de la policía, de la Real Hacienda; del comercio, y fuerzas de un Estado: y en general de todo cuanto pertenece al Gobierno, Madrid, Andrés Ortega, 1771.

BRAGADO ECHEVARRÍA, Javier: “«Volver a casa»: la logística de los prisioneros de guerra en las guerras de Italia (1740-1748)”, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie IV. Historia Moderna, en prensa.

BRANCH-JOHNSON, William: English prison hulks, Chichester, Phillimore & Co., 1970.

CARON, Jean-Claude (dir.): Siècles. Cahiers du Centre d’Histoire ‘Espaces et Cultures’, 31 (2010), L’identification de l'ennemi.

CHARTERS, Erica: Disease, War, and the Imperial State: The Welfare of the British Armed Forces during the Seven Years’ War, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 2014.

COURTHOPE, William (ed.): Debrett's Complete Peerage of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Londres, J. G. & F. Rivington, 1838.

CRIMINN, Patricia: “Prisoners of War and British Port Communities, 1793-1815”, The Northern Mariner/Le Marin du nord, 6:4 (1996), pp. 17-27.

DÍAZ PAREDES, Aitor: “Reciprocidad e incertidumbre: la experiencia del prisionero de guerra durante la Guerra de Sucesión Española (1700-1715)”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna, 44:1 (2019), pp. 109-128.

DUCHÉ, Elodie: «‘A Sea of Stories’. Maritime Imaginery and Imagination in Napoleonic Narratives of War Captivity», en Charlotte MATHIESON (ed.), Sea Narratives. Cultural responses to the Sea, 1600-Present. Newcastle University, Palgrave, 2016, pp. 47-79.

GARCÍA HURTADO, Manuel-Reyes: Soldados sin historia. Los prisioneros de guerra en España y Francia a finales del Antiguo Régimen, Gijón, Trea, 2011.

GONZÁLEZ ENCISO, Agustín: “Un modelo de difusión tecnológica: Prisioneros ingleses en Sevilla en el siglo XVIII”, Actas del I Congreso de Historia de Andalucía. Andalucía Moderna (siglo XVIII), vol. I, Córdoba, Publicaciones del Monte de Piedad y Caja de Ahorros de Córdoba, 1978, pp. 257-268.

JIMÉNEZ ESTRELLA, Antonio: “Prisioneros de guerra ‘portugueses y extranjeros’ en la fortaleza de la Alhambra tras la batalla de Montijo (1644)”, en Antonio JIMÉNEZ ESTRELLA, Julián J. LOZANO NAVARRO, Francisco SÁNCHEZ-MONTES GONZÁLEZ, Margarita Mª BIRRIEL SALCEDO (eds.), Construyendo Historia. Estudios en torno a Juan Luis Castellano, Granada, Universidad de Granada, 2013, pp. 369-384.

JOHNSON, Paul: El nacimiento del mundo moderno, Barcelona, Javier Vergara Editor, 2000.

LASSO DE LA VEGA, Jorge: La Marina Real de España a fines del siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, T. II, Madrid, Imprenta de la Viuda de Calero, 1863.

LLOYD, Clive L.: A History of Napoleonic and American Prisoners of War. 1756-1816. Hulk, Depot and Parole, Woodbridge, Suffolk, Antique Collectors’ Club, 2007.

LYNN, John A.: Battle: a history of combat and culture, Cambridge, Westview Press, 2004.

MACDOUGALL, Ian: All men are Brethern. Prisoners of War in Scotland, 1803-1814, Edimburgo, John Donald Publishers Ltd., 2008.

MALTE-BRUN, Conrad: Geografía universal física, histórica, política antigua y moderna, t. IV, Madrid, Establecimiento Tipográfico de P. Mellado, 1850.

MARTÍNEZ-RADÍO, Evaristo C.: “Campesinos y cautivos en la Guerra de Sucesión y el ejemplo de ‘Almansa a Asturias’”, en María José PÉREZ ÁLVAREZ y Laureano M. RUBIO PÉREZ (eds.), Campo y campesinos en la España Moderna. Culturas políticas en el mundo hispano, vol. 2, Madrid, Fundación Española de Historia Moderna, 2012, pp. 567-577.

MARTÍNEZ-RADÍO, Evaristo C.: “Los prisioneros de guerra en el siglo XVIII y la humanidad en el infortunio”, Verbum. Analecta Neolatina 1:2 (2016), pp. 18-52.

MARTÍNEZ-RADÍO, Evaristo C.: “Los prisioneros en el siglo XVIII y el ejemplo de la guerra de Sucesión”, en Evaristo C. MARTÍNEZ-RADÍO (ed.), ENTEMU. Aportaciones a cinco siglos de la historia militar de España, Gijón, UNED, 2013, pp. 49-74.

MARTÍNEZ-RADÍO GARRIDO, Evaristo C.: “1810, un año de confrontación interna y externa en Asturias”, en Actas del I Congreso de Estudios Asturianos, t. III, Oviedo, Real Instituto de Estudios Asturianos, 2007, pp. 135-167.

MARTÍNEZ-RADÍO GARRIDO, Evaristo C.: “Prisioneros de guerra en el siglo XVIII. Formas, usos y deberes del cautivo”, en Pedro OLIVER OLMO y Jesús Carlos URDA LOZANO (coords.), La prisión y las instituciones punitivas en la investigación histórica, Cuenca, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 2014, pp. 133-148.

MARTINI, Mónica Patricia: Francisco Antonio Cabello y Mesa: un publicista ilustrado de dos mundos (1786-1824), Universidad del Salvador, Instituto de Investigaciones sobre Identidad Cultural, 1998.

MASSON, Philippe: Les sépulcres flottants. Prisonniers français en Angleterre sous l’Empire, Rennes, Ouest-France, 1987.

MATTEI, Jean-Mathieu: Histoire du droit de la guerre (1700-1819), Introduction à l'histoire du Droit international, avec une biographie des principaux auteurs de la doctrine internationaliste de l'Antiquité à nos jours, Aix-en-Provence, Presses Universitaires d'Aix-Marseille, 2 vols., 2006.

MORIEUX, Renaud: The Society of Prisoners. Anglo-French Wars and Incarceration in the Eighteen Century, Oxford University Press, 2019.

MORRISS, Roger: Naval Power and British Culture, 1760–1850: Public Trust and Government Ideology, Abingdon-Nueva York, Routledge, 2016.

MOYA SORDO, Vera: “Cautivos del corso español. El trato a los prisioneros durante el siglo XVIII”, Cuadernos de Historia Moderna, 44:1 (2019), pp. 159-179.

NAVARRO VIOLA, Miguel y QUESADA, Vicente Gregorio (dirs.): La Revista de Buenos Aires: Historia Americana, Literatura, Derecho y Variedades, t. 10, Buenos Aires, Imprenta de Mayo, 1866.

PAJÉS, Emilio: La rueda de la fortuna: (Bosquejo de costumbres), La Habana, Imprenta de Antonio María Dávila, 1855.

PARCERO TORRE, Celia: “Los puertos vascos: centros de canje de prisioneros ingleses en la Guerra de los Siete Años”, en Ronald ESCOBEDO MANSILLA, Ana de ZABALLA BEASCOECHEA y Óscar ÁLVAREZ GILA (eds.), Comerciantes, mineros y nautas: los vascos en la economía americana, Vitoria, Universidad del País Vasco, 1996, pp. 229 - 246.

PÉREZ BLÁZQUEZ, Aitor: “La situación de algunos prisioneros franceses en Málaga durante la Guerra contra la Convención”, en Ma. Begoña VILLAR GARCÍA y Pilar PEZZI CRISTÓBAL (eds.), Actas del I Coloquio Internacional “Los Extranjeros en la España moderna”, t. II, Málaga, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología, 2003, pp. 607-616.

PÉREZ DELGADO, Tomás: “Españoles en campos de trabajo franceses. Amberes y Flesinga, 1811-1814”, Alcores 8 (2008), pp. 157-188.

RUIZ GARCÍA, Vicente: Los pontones de Cádiz y la odisea de los soldados derrotados en la Batalla de Bailén. 1808-1814, Jaén, Asociación Cultural ‘Historiador Jesús de Haro’, 2013.

SCHEIPERS, Sibylle: “Prisoners and Detainees in War”, European History Online (EGO) (2011), http://www.ieg-ego.eu/scheiperss-2011-en (consultado por última vez el 07-06-2018).

WHITE, William: History, Gazeteer and Directory of the County of Hampshire, including the isle of Wight, Londres, Spottiswoode and Co., 1878.

ZOZAYA MONTES, María: “Prisioneros españoles en la Francia napoleónica. Un modelo positivo de los espacios de cautiverio de los suboficiales a través del diario de José Mª Román (1808-1900)”, Trocadero, 26 (2014), pp. 75-106.

Downloads

Published

2020-06-08

Issue

Vol. 9 No. 18 (2020): La figura del prisionero de guerra en la Edad Moderna: fuentes, percepciones, vivencias y sociabilidad

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2020 Evaristo C. Martínez-Radío Garrido

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Spanish Prisoners and Captives in the 18th Century England: An Approach to Their Location and Conditions. (2020). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 9(18), 43-65. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v9i18.619

Similar Articles

1-10 of 230

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.