Accounts from the trenches

Ambrósio Richshoffer’s diary about the Portuguese-Dutch Wars in the Captancy of Paraíba (1631)

Authors

  • Leandro Vilar Oliveira Universidade Federal da Paraíba

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.433

Keywords:

Ambrose Richshoffer, trip diary, Portuguese-Dutch Wars (1630-1654), Captaincy of Paraíba, war experience

Abstract

The seventeenth century was a time of intense change and for some historians was a period of crisis, which contributed to the formation of modern European states and their colonies. In this context, the Dutch–Portuguese Wars (1630–1654) occurred in the Brazilian territory, were one of the several European conflicts that swept the world at that time, being these results of old disagreements between the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands against the Spanish Empire. By such a condition that between the years 1580–1640, Portugal and its colonies were part of the Spanish empire because of the political alliance of the Iberian Union, the Portuguese and Brazilians inherited the war between Dutch and Spanish. Such a condition led to the conflicts of the War of Flanders for Brazil. The present article investigates the Dutch–Portuguese Wars through the analysis of a primary source dating from the seventeenth century, written by Ambrose Richshoffer. He was young German who at the age of 17 enlisted in the Dutch West India Company (West Indische-Compaigne - WIC), where he began to serve as a soldier for two years in Brazil, and recorded his journey in a trip diary. For this specific study, we opted to analyze Richshoffer's report in his military campaign in the Captaincy of Paraíba, at the time, the second largest producer of sugar in the Northeast region of Brazil. The WIC's interest in Paraíba started from the expectation of seizing its twenty sugarcane mills, and interrupting the sending of reinforcements and resources that were sent to Pernambuco, where the Dutch army and the main Portuguese-Brazilian resistance forces were concentrated. Thus, starting from the method of microhistory, we analyze Ambrósio Richshoffer's report, trying to understand the events surrounding the first attack on the Captaincy of Paraíba (1631), in the context of the Dutch–Portuguese Wars.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Leandro Vilar Oliveira, Universidade Federal da Paraíba

    Leandro Vilar Oliveira. Brasileiro, natural do Rio de Janeiro. É historiador, escritor, poeta e blogueiro. Mestre em História e Cultura Histórica (UFFB), Doutorando em Ciências das Religiões (UFFB), membro do Núcleo de Estudos Vikings e Escandinavos (NEVE). Autor do blog Seguindo os Passos da História. Tem como interesses de pesquisa história antiga, medieval e moderna, história militar, história das religiões, história cultural, história social e mitologia nórdica.

References

José Honório RODRIGUES y Joaquim RIBEIRO: A civilização holandesa, São Paulo, Companhia Editora Nacional, 1940. (Coleção Brasiliana, série 5ª, volume 180).

As outras duas edições brasileiras que foram lançadas em 1982 e 2004, não trazem novas traduções, apenas atualizou-se a tradução de Alfredo de Carvalho. As novidades se encontram nas introduções, prefácios e notas feitas pelos editores.

Entre as capitanias de Pernambuco, Paraíba, Itamaracá e Rio Grande, a capitania da Paraíba possuía a segunda maior produção de açúcar. Operando com 20 engenhos, produzindo mais de 40 mil arrobas de açúcar em média, nas boas safras. Em 1640 a produção foi estimada entre 53.480 a 66.850 arrobas. Regina Célia GONÇALVES: Guerras e açúcares: política e economia na Capitania da Parahyba, 1585-1630, Bauru, EDUSC, 2007.

Carlos Antonio AGUIRRE ROJAS: Micro-história italiana: modo de uso, Malerba. Londrina, Eduel, 2012.

Ronaldo VAINFAS: Os protagonistas anônimos da história: a micro-história, Rio de Janeiro, Editora Campus, 2002.

Justo SERNA y Anaclet PONS: Cómo se escribe la microhistoria: ensayo sobre Carlo Ginzburg, Madrid, Ediciones Cátedra, 2000.

Fernando Vêlozo Gomes PEDROSA: A história militar tradicional e a “nova história militar”. Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História, ANPUH, São Paulo, 2011.

A segunda expedição à Paraíba ocorreu entre 25 a 27 de fevereiro de 1634. A terceira expedição ocorreu entre 2 a 23 de dezembro de 1634, a qual consistiu na campanha derradeira. Na véspera de Natal de 1634, o exército da WIC entrou triunfante na capital paraibana. Leandro Vilar OLIVEIRA: Guerras luso-holandesas na Capitania da Paraíba (1631-1634): um estudo documental e historiográfico, Dissertação de Mestrado em História, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016.

Hugo Côelho VIEIRA: O teatro de guerra e a invenção do Brasil holandês: o esforço das duas coroas na retomada pela Capitania de Pernambuco, de 1630 a 1654, Dissertação de Mestrado em História, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2010. p. 13.

Bruno Romero Ferreira MIRANDA: Gente de Guerra: origem, cotidiano e resistência dos soldados do exército da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais no Brasil (1630-1654), Recife, Editora UFPE, 2014, p. 423.

Ambrósio RICHSHOFFER: Diário de um soldado da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais (1629-1632), 2ª ed, São Paulo/Brasília, IBRASA/INL, 1978, p. 25.

José Antonio MARAVALL: A cultura do Barroco: Análise de uma Estrutura Histórica, São Paulo, Editora da USP, 2009 (Clássicos, 10), pp. 162-163.

Bruno MIRANDA: op.cit., p. 43.

Bruno MIRANDA: op.cit., p. 130.

Um dos fatores para o sucesso da armada holandesa ter conseguido conquistar Salvador, capital do Brasil, devia-se ao fato de a cidade somente possuir uma fortificação e ninguém esperava que um ataque daqueles ocorresse. Portugal não imaginava que sua colônia poderia sofrer um ataque tão grande, pois normalmente os franceses que costumavam ir ao Brasil saquear pau-brasil, agiam de forma sorrateira. Ricardo BEHRENS: Salvador e a invasão holandesa de 1624-1625, Salvador, Editora Pontocom, 2013.

As diretrizes dessa carta de comando, intitulada “Instruções secretas dadas ao general Hendrick Cornelissen Lonck, as quais deve abrir depois de ter partido [da ilha] de São Vicente e passado o Equador” (18 de agosto de 1629), pode ser consultada no “Secrete Notulen van de Vergaderinge van XIX in Middelburch”, disponível no Arquivo de Haia ou na Coleção José Higino no IAHGP. José Antônio Gonsalves de MELLO: Tempo dos flamengos: influência da ocupação holandesa na vida e na cultura do norte do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Topbooks, 2001, p. 42.

Quando a frota da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais chegou à costa de Pernambuco, em janeiro de 1630, ela já apresentava uma baixa de cerca de 33,85% de seus marinheiros e soldados. Dos 3.780 marinheiros e 3.500 soldados enviados, ainda estavam disponíveis para o ataque à Capitania de Pernambuco, por não terem sido acometidos por enfermidades, por volta de 2.515 marinheiros e 2.300 soldados. Ou seja, apenas 66,15% do efetivo enviado podiam ser utilizados na operação de conquista. Bruno MIRANDA: op. cit., p. 221.

José Antônio Gonsalves de MELLO: “Introdução”, en Ambrósio RICHSHOFFER: Diário de um soldado da Companhia das Índias Ocidentais (1629-1632), São Paulo/Brasília: IBRASA/INL, 1978, pp. 18-19.

Hans Rudolf PICARD: El diario como género entre lo íntimo y lo público. 1616: Anuário de la Sociedad Española de Literatura General y Comparada, vol. IV (1981), p. 115.

Philippe LEJEUNE: O pacto autobiográfico: de Rousseau à Internet, Belo Horizonte, Editora UFMG, 2008, p. 14.

José Antônio Gonsalves de MELLO (ed.): Fontes para a história do Brasil holandês: a administração da conquista. Vol. 2, Recife, CEPE, 2004, 2v, p. 49.

Ambrósio RICHSHOFFER: op.cit., p. 99.

Matias de Albuquerque Coelho (1597-1657) foi o segundo filho de Jerônimo de Albuquerque Coelho e Anna da Silva, sendo irmão mais novo de Duarte de Albuquerque Coelho, governador de Pernambuco. Matias é lembrado por ter governado a Capitania de Pernambuco como lugar-tenente, ter composto a Junta Governantiva do Brasil, assumindo como governador-geral interino entre 1624-1625, época da invasão holandesa em Salvador. Tornou-se o principal general das forças de resistência contra a ocupação holandesa, entre 1630 a 1638. Leandro Vilar OLIVEIRA: op. cit., p. 81.

O Forte do Cabedelo atualmente é mais conhecido como Fortaleza de Santa Catarina. Já o Forte do Varadouro não existe mais.

Paulo do ROSÁRIO: Relaçam breve e verdadeira da memorável victoria, que ouve o Capitão-mor da Capitania da Paraíba Antonio de Albuquerque, dos Rebeldes de Olanda, que são vinte naus de guerra, e vinte e sete lanchas: pretenderão occupar esta praça de sua Magestade, trazendo nelas pera o efeito dous mil homens de guerra escolhidos, a fora a gente do mar, Lisboa, Jorge Rodrigues, 1632, p. 3.

John KEEGAN: Uma história da guerra, São Paulo, Companhia das Letras, 1995, p. 334.

Joannes de LAET: Historia ou Annaes dos Feitos da Companhia Privilegiada das Indias Occidentaes desde seu começo até o fim do anno de 1636, vol. I-XIII, en Annaes da Biblioteca Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 30, 33, 38, 41-42, Rio de Janeiro, Officinas Graphicas da Bibliotheca Nacional, 1912-1925, 13v, p. 217.

Frei Paulo do Rosário (1632) informou que foram 22 navios e 2 mil soldados. Duarte de Albuquerque Coelho (1654) disse que foram 30 navios e 3 mil homens. Já Joannes de Laet (1644) disse que foram 15 navios e cerca de 1.500 ou 1.600 homens. Atualmente os historiadores tendem a considerar que o relato de Laet seja o mais preciso, pelo fato do mesmo ter tido acesso a documentação militar da WIC para redigir seu livro.

Originalmente em seu livro Richshoffer não diferencia portugueses, espanhóis e colonos brasileiros, ele os chamava a todos de espanhóis, pelo fato de que naquela época Portugal e o Brasil eram governados por um rei espanhol, D. Filipe IV. Reflexo da União Ibérica (1580-1640).

Ambrósio RICHSHOFFER: op.cit., p. 100.

Geoffrey PARKER: “O Soldado”, in Rosario VILLARI (dir.), O homem barroco, Lisboa, Editoria Presença, 1994, pp. 54.

Jeremy BLACK: European warfare: 1494–1660, London/New York, Routledge, 2002.

Keith ROBERTS: Pike and shots taticts, Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2010 (Series Elite, 179).

Evaldo Cabral de MELLO: Olinda restaurada: guerra e açúcar no Nordeste, 1630-1654, São Paulo, Ed. 34, 2007, p. 247.

Frank TALLET: op. cit., p. 24.

Bruno MIRANDA: op. cit., p. 243.

John KEEGAN: op. cit., p. 337.

Paulo do ROSÁRIO: op. cit., p. 9.

Duarte de Albuquerque COELHO: Memórias Diárias da Guerra do Brasil: 1630-1638, apresentação de José Antônio de Gonsalves de Mello, Recife, Fundação de Cultura da Cidade do Recife, 1982. p. 67.

O hornaveque (do alemão hornwek), também chamado obra cornuda ou cornas, etc., surgiu no século XVI, consistindo numa fortificação exterior a um forte, fortaleza ou muralha. O hornaveque era formado de dois lados chamados de ramais os quais na ponta terminava em dois meios baluartes, formando um triângulo. A estrutura consistia em muros, que poderiam ser reforçados por fossos. O hornaveque foi erguido diante da entrada do forte. Luís Serrão PIMENTEL: Methodo lusitânico de desenhar as fortificaçoens das praças regulares & irregulares, fortes de campanha, e outras obras pertencentes a architetura militar, distribuído em duas partes: operativa e qualificativa, Lisboa, impresso por Antonio Craesbeeck, 1680, pp. 20 e 87.

Duarte de Albuquerque COELHO: op. cit, 67.

John KEEGAN: op. cit, p. 337.

Ambrósio RICHSHOFFER: op. cit., p. 101.

Leandro Vilar OLIVEIRA: op. cit, p. 211-212.

John KEEGAN: op. cit., p. 337.

Frank TALLET: op. cit., pp. 34–35.

Bruno MIRANDA: op. cit., pp. 246-267.

Evaldo Cabral de MELLO: op. cit., pp. 232-233.

Leandro Vilar OLIVEIRA: op. cit., pp. 208.

Joannes de LAET: op. cit., p. 221.

Nas três batalhas travadas na Paraíba, as forças luso-espanholas-brasileiras dispuseram de cerca de 2.260 homens, enquanto a WIC dispôs de cerca de 5.454 soldados. Leandro Vilar OLIVEIRA: op. cit., p. 209.

Geoffrey PARKER: op. cit., p. 42–43

Um dos fatores que levaram a rendição dos Fortes do Cabedelo e de Santo Antônio em dezembro de 1634, deveu-se a falta de munição para os canhões e armas. Leandro Vilar OLIVEIRA: op. cit., p.

José Antonio Gonsalves de MELLO: op. cit., pp. 129-130.

Charles Ralph BOXER: Os holandeses no Brasil: 1624-1654, São Paulo, Cia. Ed. Nacional, 1961. (Coleção Brasiliana, vol. 312), p. 90.

Ambrósio RICHSHOFFER: op. cit., p. 103.

Paulo do ROSÁRIO: op. cit., p. 14.

Downloads

Published

2018-07-11

Issue

Vol. 7 No. 14 (2018): La lógica de la guerra “irregular” en la Antigüedad

Section

Estudios

License

Copyright (c) 2018 Leandro Vilar Oliveira

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Accounts from the trenches: Ambrósio Richshoffer’s diary about the Portuguese-Dutch Wars in the Captancy of Paraíba (1631). (2018). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 7(14). https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v7i14.433

Similar Articles

1-10 of 347

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.

StockholmapotekMadrid FarmaciaFarmaciadehesaFarmaciaSevilla.comFarmaciaSenovillaSancho.comMisaludfarmaciaFarmaciavirginiamartinFarmacialojaFarmacias21