Some thoughts on military service and its quandaries during the 1st half of the 19th century in Mexico

Authors

  • Claudia Ceja Andrade Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/484hm564

Keywords:

Army, militia, military service, quandaries, shortcomings

Abstract

This article examines the nature of military service during 19th century Mexico, predominantly characterized by compulsory conscription rather than voluntary service. Since the early regulatory codes in 1824, governors were granted the authority to recruit replacements from among unemployed and unmarried individuals. Despite calls from the military high command to end the conscription of individuals deemed undesirable, this practice remained entrenched in the reality of the period.

The military career was markedly elitist, whereas enlisted recruits were mostly selected from among the working classes. These soldiers, initially lacking military training and in some instances with little interest in military life, developed the required skills over the years. This paper delves into the significant effects of conscription on numerous families, among which were family disintegration and a constant rotation of the male population between the military and civilian spheres. All of which impacted not only the domestic economy but also the economies of towns, villages and larger cities. On the other hand, the presence of these military contingents led to conflicts with the civilian population and local authorities.

This essay highlights these new recruits' naturally low commitment, as they were forcibly conscripted. Despite this generalized perception of a lack of duty to their homeland, many soldiers demonstrated a remarkable spirit of loyalty. Their experience was conditioned by the dynamic and changing political and social reality of the period, marked by ambiguity due to some soldiers' misconduct and corruption scandals involving higher rank officers. Hence, the honorability of the military came to be tarnished by the discredit derived from the improper actions of some of its members.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Claudia Ceja Andrade, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro

    Claudia Ceja Andrade es licenciada en historia por la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, unidad Iztapalapa; maestra en Historia Moderna y Contemporánea por el Instituto Mora y doctora en Historia por El Colegio de México.

References

Bibliografía y siglas

AGN Archivo General de la Nación (México)

AHCM Archivo Histórico de la Cd. de México

ABÁSOLO Ezequiel: El Derecho penal militar en la historia de Argentina, Córdoba (Argentina), Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de Córdoba, 2002.

ÁLVAREZ SÁNCHEZ Edwin Alberto y Pedro CELIS VILLALBA: “Indumentaria militar durante la guerra de Independencia y el Primer Imperio”, José Luis SOBERANES y Serafín ORTIZ (coords.): Nuevas visiones e interpretaciones del proceso emancipador, 1821-2021, México, IIJ-UNAM / Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, 2022, pp. 101-120.

ARCHER Christon: “Combatiendo al enemigo invisible: salubridad, atención médica hospitalaria y el ejército de la Nueva España, 1760-1810”, documento inédito.

ARNOLD Linda: “Justicia militar en el México republicano: las amnistías, visitas y los arrendamientos no pagados”, en Luis JÁUREGUI, et al. (eds.), Historia y nación (actas del Congreso en homenaje a Josefina Zoraida Vázquez): II. Política y diplomacia en el siglo XX mexicano, México, El Colegio de México, 1998, pp. 157-169.

BARRERA F. Domingo y: Ligero estudio sobre higiene de cuarteles e indicación de las condiciones que guardan los de la capital y medios que se dan para mejorarlos. (Alumno de la Escuela de Medicina de México, ex practicante del Hospital Juárez y aspirante del cuerpo de sanidad militar), México, Tipografía literaria de Filomeno Mata, 1880.

CACHO TORRES Angélica Ma.: Coyuntura y crisis: el motín popular por la moneda de cobre en la ciudad de México, 11 de marzo de 1837, tesis de maestría inédita, UAM-Iztapalapa, 2005.

CACHO TORRES Angélica Ma.: “Entre la utilidad y la coerción. Los desertores: una compleja realidad del México independiente (1820-1842)”, Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea, enero-junio, 45 (2013), pp. 31-68.

CARRILLO A. M.: “Control sexual para el control social. La primera campaña contra la sífilis en México”, Espaço Plural, XI:22 (2010), pp. 65-77, en https://www. redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=445944364008 [consultado la última vez el 17 de julio de 2023]

CALLEJA Félix Ma.: “Reglamento político militar que deberán observar, bajo las penas que señala, los pueblos, haciendas y ranchos, a quienes se comuniquen, por las autoridades legítimas respectivas”, Aguascalientes, junio 8 de 1811.

CEJA ANDRADE Claudia: “Escandalosos, ebrios, malos y pendencieros. Militares, milicianos y guardas que deshonran su institución, Ciudad de México (1822-1860)”, Historia Mexicana, 73:2(2023), pp. 589-646.

CEJA ANDRADE Claudia: La fragilidad de las armas: Reclutamiento, control y vida social en el ejército en la Ciudad de México durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, México, El Colegio de México / Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro / El Colegio de Michoacán, 2022.

CEJA ANDRADE Claudia: “De amores, pasiones y violencia en el ejército, México siglo XIX”, Secuencia. Revista de Historia y Ciencias Sociales, 112 (2022). Disponible en: http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S018603482022000100107&lng=es&nrm=iso accedido en 23 jun. 2024. Epub 07-Mar-2022. https://doi.org/10.18234/secuencia.v0i112.1852, en

http://secuencia.mora.edu.mx/index.php/Secuencia/article/view/1852/2294 [consultado la última vez el 20 de junio del 2023]

CHUST Manuel: “Milicia e independencia en México: de la nación a la cívica, 1812-1827”, en Salvador BROSETA, et al. (eds.): Las ciudades y la guerra, 1750-1898, Castellón de la Plana, Universitat Jaume I / Servei de Comunicació i Publicacions, 2002, pp. 361-380.

CHUST Manuel: “Sociedad, cultura y ocio en la ciudad de México Independiente, 1821-1830”, Anuario de Estudios Urbanos, 3(1996), pp. 15-33.

DUBLÁN Manuel y José María LOZANO: Legislación Mexicana o colección completa de las de las disposiciones legislativas expedidas desde la Independencia de la República, t. III, México, Imprenta del Comercio, 1876.

ESPINOSA AGUIRRE Joaquín: Que se organicen sus pueblos. Agustín de Iturbide y la contrainsurgencia en la comandancia de Guanajuato (1813-1816), México, Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México / Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas / Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo / Instituto Estatal de Cultura de Guanajuato, 2022.

FOWLER Will: “El pronunciamiento mexicano del siglo XIX: Hacia una nueva tipología”, Estudios de historia moderna y contemporánea de México, n. 38, 2009, pp. 5-34.

GARCÍA FIGUEROA A.: Higiene militar. Causas de la frecuencia de la sífilis en el ejército y medios de disimularla. Alumno de la escuela de medicina de México, y aspirante médico-militar del hospital de instrucción en San Lucas, México, Imprenta de Ignacio Escalante, 1874.

GÓMEZ DE LA CORTINA José: Cartilla Moral militar, México, impreso por Ignacio Cumplido, 1839.

GUARDINO Peter: La marcha fúnebre. Una historia de la guerra entre México y Estados Unidos, México, Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas / Libros Granos de Sal, 2018.

HAMNETT Brian M.: “Royalist Counterinsurgency and the Continuity of Rebellion: Guanajuato and Michoacán, 1813-20”, Hispanic American Historical Review, 62:1(1982), pp. 19-48.

JIMÉNEZ MARCE Rogelio: “Problemáticas sanitarias y conflictos políticos en una ciudad del centro de Veracruz: la epidemia de cólera mórbida en 1833 en Xalapa”, Secuencia, enero-abril, 91(2015), pp. 69-101.

MARTÍNEZ CALLEJA F.: Ligeras consideraciones médicas sobre el ejército, México, Tipografía de El Socialista, 1887.

Memoria del Secretario de Estado y del Despacho de la Guerra presentada a las cámaras en enero de 1825, México, Imprenta del Supremo Gobierno de los Estados unidos mexicanos, 1825.

Memoria del Secretario de Estado y del despacho de la Guerra, presentada a las cámaras. En enero de 1826, México, Imprenta del Supremo Gobierno, 1826.

Memoria del secretario de estado y del despacho de la guerra presentada a las cámaras el día 16 de marzo de 1830, México, Imprenta del Águila, 1830

MORENO Rodrigo: “Militias and Popular Royalism During the War of Independence of New Spain”, en Andoni ARTOLA y Álvaro PARIS (eds.): Royalism, War and Popular Politics in the Age of Revolutions 1780s-1870s. In the name of the King, Palgrave Macmillan, Switzerland, 2023, pp. 127-146.

MORENO Roberto: “Tendencias y sentidos de la reglamentación miliciana hispánica: del reformismo a la era de las revoluciones”, Revista Universitaria de Historia Militar, 12-24(2023), pp. 15-38.

MORENO Rodrigo: La Trigarancia. Fuerzas armadas en la consumación de la independencia. Nueva España, 1820-1821, México, IIH-UNAM / Fideicomiso Felipe Teixidor, 2016.

MOSQUERA Ángeles: “Ejército y milicia cívica. Fuerzas armadas y pugna de poderes en el primer parlamentarismo mexicano, 1821-1824”, Secuencia. Revista de Historia y ciencias sociales, 63(2005), pp. 98-126.

ORTIZ ESCAMILLA Juan: “Las fuerzas militares y el proyecto de Estado en México, 1767-1835”, en Cincuenta años de historia en México, v. II, México, El Colegio de México, 1991, p.261-282.

ORTIZ ESCAMILLA Juan: “La nacionalización de las fuerzas armadas en México, 1750-1867”, en Juan Manuel CHUST y Juan MARCHENA, Las armas de la nación Independencia y ciudadanía en Hispanoamérica (1750-1850), Madrid, Iberoamericana / Vervuet, 2007, pp. 291-324.

ORTIZ ESCAMILLA (coord.), Fuerzas militares en Iberoamérica siglos XVIII XIX, El Colegio de México / El Colegio de Michoacán / Universidad Veracruzana, 2005, pp. 219-231.

PÉREZ HERRERO Pedro: “«Crecimiento» colonial vs. «crisis» colonial en México, 1765- 1854. Notas a un modelo explicativo”, en Virginia GUEDEA y Jaime E. RODRÍGUEZ O. (eds). 5 Siglos de Historia de México, vol. II, México, Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora / University of California-Irvine, 1992, pp. 81-95.

PÉREZ TOLEDO Sonia: “Los vagos de la ciudad de México y el Tribunal de Vagos en la primera mitad del siglo XIX”, Secuencia, 27(1993), pp. 27-42.

PÉREZ TOLEDO Sonia: "El ejército en la ciudad de México a mediados del siglo XIX: datos y reflexiones acerca de su composición social", en Jaime E. RODRÍGUEZ O. (coord.), Las nuevas naciones: España y México 1800-1850, Madrid, MAPFRE, 2008, pp. 315-336.

PÉREZ TOLEDO Sonia: Trabajadores, espacio urbano y sociabilidad en la Ciudad de México 1750-1867, México, UAM-I/Miguel Ángel Porrúa, 2011.

SERRANO José Antonio y Manuel CHUST: ¡A las armas! Milicia cívica, revolución liberal y federalismo en México (1812-1846), Madrid, Marcial Pons / IIH-Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, 2018.

SERRANO ORTEGA José Antonio: El Contingente de sangre. Los gobiernos estatales y departamentales y los métodos de reclutamiento del ejército permanente mexicano, 1824-1844, México, INAH, 1993.

STROBEL Héctor y Carlos ARELLANO GONZÁLEZ: “Ejército y fuerzas militares del primer imperio a la dictadura, 1821-1855”, Silvestre VILLEGAS REVUELTAS e Iván VALDEZ-BUBNOV (coords.), Fuerzas armadas y formación del Estado en la historia de México siglos XIX y XX, México, IIH-UNAM, 2023, pp. 55-84.

VÁZQUEZ Josefina Zoraida: “Reflexiones sobre el ejército y la fundación del Estado mexicano”, en Juan ORTIZ ESCAMILLA (coord.), Fuerzas militares en Iberoamérica siglos XVIII XIX, El Colegio de México / El Colegio de Michoacán / Universidad Veracruzana, 2005, pp. 219-232.

VILLEGAS Pascale: “Los soldados de leva durante la Guerra de Castas: filiación y composición social mediante sus juicios de amparo, 1875-1903”, Estudios De Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, 59(2020), pp. 141-167.

Documentos en internet:

“Proclama de José Urrea, 15 de julio de 1840” en The Pronunciamiento in Independent Mexico, 1821-1876. Base de datos sobre los pronunciamientos mexicanos realizada por Will Fowler. Investigación apoyada por Arts and Humanities Research Councils en

https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/pronunciamientos/dates.php?f=y&pid=1637&m=7&y=1840 [consultado la última vez el 26 de julio de 2023]

“Ley del caso y derogaciones, junio 24 de 1833”, en

https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/recursos/ExpedientesDigitales/DOCS_075/documento2.pdf [consultado por última vez el 25 de julio de 2023]

“Circular de Relaciones, del Junio 21 de 1834. –Los individuos que no hubiesen salido de la República a virtud de la ley de 23 de junio de 1833 pueden regresar al seno de sus familias”, en

https://www.inehrm.gob.mx/work/recursos/ExpedientesDigitales/DOCS_075/documento2.pdf [consultado la última vez el 25 de julio de 2023]

“Antecedentes históricos del ejército y la fuerza aérea mexicanas”, en https://www.gob.mx/sedena/acciones-y-programas/antecedentes-historicos#:~:text=El%20d%C3%ADa%2019%20de%20agosto,este%20servicio%20con%20los%20j%C3%B3venes [consultado por última vez el 17 de mayo 2023]

Reglamento de la ley del servicio militar, 8 de septiembre de 1842, en

https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/regley/Reg_LSM_060647.pdf [consultado por última vez el 1º de agosto de 2023]

Downloads

Published

2024-07-23

Issue

Vol. 13 No. 26 (2024): Servicio Militar: memoria, movilización y nación

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2024 Claudia Ceja Andrade

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Some thoughts on military service and its quandaries during the 1st half of the 19th century in Mexico. (2024). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 13(26), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.53351/484hm564

Similar Articles

11-20 of 358

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.