Contributions of the Archeology to the Knowledge about the Roman Military History

Authors

  • Eduard Ble Gimeno Universidad de Barcelona

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v1i2.16

Keywords:

Roman military archeology, Roman Camps, Roman battlefields

Abstract

This paper presents a brief overview of Roman military archeology, placing a particular emphasis on recent scientific contributions in this field. Similarly, I discuss which have been the main theoretical approaches to this discipline and how they have influenced the preference for a specific field of study. Finally, I want to take an oppositing stance on the excessive compartmentalization of knowledge under multiple labels and defend multidisciplinary works that take into account the use of any kind of source.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Eduard Ble Gimeno, Universidad de Barcelona
    Eduard Ble es licenciado en Historia y máster en Arqueología por la Universidad de Barcelona. En la actualidad está realizando su trabajo de tesis doctoral con un contrato de Investigador en Formación (FI-AGAUR) en la Universidad de Barcelona. Su investigación se centra en el estudio de la presencia militar romana en Hispania durante el período republicano a partir del análisis arqueológico del armamento y el equipamiento militar. Su producción científica se ha dedicado específicamente al estudio de la artillería romana y al análisis del papel de la flota y la guerra naval durante la segunda guerra púnica en Hispania. También ha participado en varios proyectos arqueológicos vinculados a este estudio como los campamentos romanos de la Palma, el Camí del Castellet de Banyoles o las Aixalelles, los asentamientos militares de Monteró o el Camp de les Lloses y el poblado de Puig Ciutat, destruido durante la guerra civil cesariana.

References

Andrés María ADROHER, Francisco Javier BRAO, Antonio David BRAVO, Alejandro CABALLERO, Rafael GODOY, A. GUERRERO, Antonio LÓPEZ, María Pilar LÓPEZ, Enrique MORALES, Juan Antonio SALVADOR, Francisco Javier SÁNCHEZ y Amparo SÁNCHEZ: "La fortificación romana del cerro del trigo. Perspectivas arqueográficas", en Andrés María ADROHER y Antonio LÓPEZ MARCOS (ed.), El territorio de las altiplanicies granadinas entre la Prehistoria y la Edad Media. Arqueología en Puebla de Don Fadrique (1995-2002), Sevilla, 2004.

Andrés María ADROHER, Alejandro CABALLERO, Amparo Amparo SÁNCHEZ, Juan Antonio SALVADOR, Francisco Javier BRAO: "Estructuras defensivas tardorrepublicanas en el ámbito rural de la Bastetania", en Ángel MORILLO (ed.), Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania II: producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, Anejos de Gladius, 5 (2002), Madrid, CSIC-Ediciones Polifemo, pp. 625-638.

Honorat BAUZÀ y Andreu PONÇ: "Una fortificació romana a ses Salines", en De les estructures indígenes a l'organització provincial romana de la Hispània Citerior. Homenatje a Josep Estrada i Garriga, Barcelona, Institut d'Estudis Catalans-Societat Catalana d'Estudis Clàssics, 1998, pp. 101-114.

Sonia BAYO: El yacimiento ibérico de "El Tossal de la Cala". Nuevo estudio de los materiales depositados en el MARQ correspondientes a las excavaciones de José Belda y Miquel Tarradell, Alicante, Serie Trabajos de Arqueología del MARQ, 1, 2010.

Juan P. BELLÓN, Francisco GÓMEZ, Arturo RUIZ, Manuel MOLINOS, Alberto SÁNCHEZ, Luis GUTIÉRREZ, Carmen RUEDA, Laura WIÑA, María Antonia GARCÍA, Ana L. MARTÍNEZ, Carmen ORTEGA, Gema LOZANO y Rosa FERNÁNDEZ: "Bæcula. Análisis arqueológico del escenario de una batalla de la Segunda Guerra Púnica", en Ángel MORILLO, Norbert HANEL y Esperanza MARTÍN (eds.), Limes XX. XXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, León, 4–11 de septiembre de 2006, Anejos de Gladius, 1:13 (2009), pp. 17-29.

Michael BLECH: "Adolf Schulten, el Instituto Arqueológico Alemán y sus investigaciones en los campamentos romanos", en A. MORILLO (ed.), El ejército romano en Hispania. Guía Arqueológica, León, 2007, pp. 31-33.

Rafael BOLADO DEL CASTILLO, Pedro Ángel FERNÁNDEZ VEGA y Joaquín CALLEJO GÓMEZ: "El recinto fortificado de El Pedrón (Cervatos, Cantabria), los campamentos de La Poza (Campoo de Enmedio, Cantabria) y el castro de Las Rabas: un nuevo escenario de las Guerras Cántabras", Kobie, 29 (2010), pp. 85-108.

David J. BREEZE: "Research on Roman frontiers", en D. BREEZE y S. JILEK (ed.), Frontiers of the Roman Empire: the European dimension of a World Heritage Site, Edinburgh, Historic Scotland, 2008.

Íbidem: "To study the monument: Hadrian's Wall 1848-2006", en P. BIDWELL (ed.), Understanding Hadrian's Wall, Kendal, Arbeia Society, 2008.

Francisco BROTÓNS y Antonio Javier MURCIA: "Los castella tardorepublicanos de la cuenca alta de los ríos Argos y Quípar (Caravaca, Murcia). Aproximación arqueológica e histórica”, en María Paz GARCÍA-BELLIDO, Antonio MOSTALAC y Alicia JIMÉNEZ (eds.): Del Imperium de Pompeyo a la Auctoritas de Augusto. Homenaje a Michael Grant, Madrid, Archivo Español de Arqueología-CSIC, 2008 pp. 49-66.

Francisco BROTÓNS y Antonio Javier MURCIA: "El castellum tardorepublicano del Cerro de las Fuentes de Archivel (Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia). Estudio preliminar", en Ángel MORILLO (ed.), Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania II:

producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, Anejos de Gladius, 5 (2002), Madrid, CSIC-Ediciones Polifemo, pp. 639-653.

Francisco BURILLO, Severino ESCOLANO, Raul LÓPEZ y Enrique RUIZ: Roma versus Segeda. Una propuesta sobre el camino hispano seguido por el cónsul Nobilior en el año 153 a.C., Teruel, Fundación Segeda-Centro Celtibérico, 2008, pp. 8-10.

François CADIOU: Hibera in terra miles. Les armées romaines et la conquête de l'Hispanie sous la république (218-45 av. J.-C.), Madrid, Casa de Velázquez, 2008.

Ibídem: "Garnisons et camps permanents: un réseau défensif des territoires provinciaux dans l'Hispanie Republicaine?", en Ángel MORILLO, François CADIOU y David HOURCADE (ed.), Defensa y territorio en Hispania de los Escipiones a Augusto, Madrid, Universidad de León-Casa de Velázquez 2003, pp. 81-100.

Jorge CAMINO, Rogeli ESTRADA y Yolanda VINIEGRA: "La Carisa: un teatro del bellum Asturicum", en Ángel MORILLO (ed.), Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania II: producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, Universidad de León, 2006, pp. 567-580.

Jorge CAMINO, Rogelio ESTRADA y Yolanda VINIEGRA: El campamento romano de la Vía Carisa en Asturia Transmontana, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología, 14 (2001), pp. 261-276.

Duncan B. CAMPBELL: Besiged. Siege Warfare in the Ancient World, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2006.

Ibídem: Siege Warfare in Roman World 146 BC-AD 378, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, 2005.

Ibídem: "The Roman Siege of Burnswark", Britannia, 34 (2003), pp. 19-33.

Jon COULSTON: "The archaeology of Roman Conflict", en P.W.M. FREEMAN y A. POLLARD (eds.), Fields of Conflict: Progress and Prospect in Battlefield Archaeology. BAR International Series 958, 2001, pp. 23-49.

Gwyn DAVIES: "Under Siege: The Roman Field Works at Masada", BASOR, 362 (2011), pp. 65-83.

Ibídem: Roman Siege Works, Stroud, Tempus Publishing Ltd., 2006.

Jeffrey L. DAVIES y Rebecca H. JONES: Roman Camps in Wales and the Marches, Cardiff, University of Wales Press, 2006.

François DIDIERJEAN: "Camps militaires romains et archéologie aérienne: méthodologie et données nouvelles", Salduie, 8 (2008), pp. 95-115.

Mike DOBSON: The Army of The Roman Republic. The second century BC, Polybius and the camps at Numantia, Spain, Oxford, Oxbow Books, 2008.

Paul ERDKAMP: Hunger and the Sword. Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264-30 B.C.), Amsterdam, J. C. Gieben, 1998.

Antonio ESPINOSA, Diego RUIZ, Amanda MARCOS y Pedro PEÑA: "Nuevos testimonios romano-republicanos en Villajoyosa: un campamento militar del siglo I a.C.", en José UROZ SÁEZ, José Miguel NOGUERA CELDRÁN y Filippo COARELLI (eds.), Iberia e Italia: modelos romanos de integración territorial, Murcia, Tabularium, 2008, pp. 199-220.

Michel FEUGÈRE: "L'équipement militaire d'époque républicaine en Gaule", JRMES, 5 (1994), pp. 10-15.

Richard Allan FOX: Archaeology, history and Custer's last battle, Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.

Philip FREEMAN: "Introduction: issues concerning the archaeology of battlefields", en P.W.M. FREEMAN y A. POLLARD (eds.), Fields of Conflict: Progress and Prospect in Battlefield Archaeology, BAR International Series, 958, 2001, pp. 1-10.

Manuel GARCÍA ALONSO: "El campamento romano de campaña de El Cincho (Cantabria)", en: Á. Morillo (ed.), Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania II: producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, Universidad de León, 2006, pp. 549-566.

Ibídem: "El campamento romano de “El Cincho” (La Población de Yuso. Resultados Arqueológicos de la campaña del año 2001", Sautuola , IX (2002-2003), pp. 109-139.

Ibídem: "El yacimiento romano de “El Cincho” (La Población de Yuso). Un nuevo yacimiento de las Guerras Cántabras", Sautuola, VIII (2002), pp. 99-106.

Antonio GARCÍA Y BELLIDO: "El ejército romano en Hispania", AEspA, 49 (1976), pp. 59-101.

Antonio GARCÍA Y BELLIDO: "El “Exercitus Hispanicus” desde Augusto a Vespasiano", AEspA, 34 (1961), 104-116.

Michael GESCHWINDE, Henning HASSMANN, Petra LÖNNE, Michael MEYER y Günther MOOSBAUER: "Rome’s Forgotten Battle. New Research on the Harzhorn Battlefield (Kalefeld, Ldkr. Northeim, Germany)", en XXII Limes Congress: 6-11 September 2012, National Archaeological Institute with Museum-Bulgarian Academy of Sciences-Ruse Regional Museum of History, Ruse, 2012.

Michael GESCHWINDE, Henning HASSMANN, Petra LÖNNE, Michael MEYER y Günther MOOSBAUER: "The Harzhorn Incident. Archaeological research on a late Roman battlefield near Northeim, Lower Saxony", en Tagungsband der 6th International Fields of Conflict Conference, Osnabrück and Kalkriese, 15-18 April 2011.

Adrian Keith GOLDSWORTHY: The Roman Army at War, 100 BC-AD 200, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1996.

David GONZÁLEZ, Andrés MENÉNDEZ y Valentín ÁLVAREZ: El campamento de Moyapán (Ayande, Asturias), Férvedes, 5 (2008), pp. 363-371.

Nicholas G. L. HAMMOND: "The Campaign and the Battle of

Cynoscephalae in 197 BC", JHS, 108 (1998), pp. 60-82.

Ibídem: "The Opening Campaigns and the Battle of the Aoi Stena in the Second Macedonian War", JRS, 56 (1966), 1-2, pp. 39-54.

Joaquim HARNECKER: Arminius, Varus and the Battlefield at Kalkriese. Anintroduction to the archaeological investigations and their results, Bramsche, Rasch Verlag, 2004 [1999].

Francisco Javier HERAS MORA: "El Santo de Valdetorres (Badajoz, España). Un nuevo enclave militar romano en la línea del Guadiana", en Ángel MORILLO, Norbert HANEL y Esperanza MARTÍN (eds.), Limes XX. XXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, León, 4–11 de septiembre de 2006, Anejos de Gladius, 1:13 (2009), pp. 315-327.

David HOURCADE: "Le siege d’Azaila (Teruel): une relecture critique des indices archeologiques", en Gladius, XXIX (2009), pp. 93-120.

Ibídem: "Les 'evidences' archéologiques de siège et de prise de villes dans l’Hispanie républicaine: quelques faux indices", Salduie, 8 (2008), pp. 239-260

Simon JAMES: Excavations at Dura-Europos 1928-1937, Final Report VII, The Arms and Armour and other Military Equipment, Londres, British Museum Press, 2005.

Alfredo JIMENO MARTÍNEZ: "Numancia: campamentos romanos y cerco de Escipión", en AEspA, 75 (2002).

Rebecca H. JONES: Roman Camps in Britain, Amberley Publishing, 2012.

Eduardo KAVANAGH y Fernando QUESADA: "La arqueología militar romana republicana en España: armas, campamentos y campos de batalla. Panorama de la investigación reciente”, en Ángel MORILLO (ed.), El ejército romano en Hispania. Guía arqueológica, León, 2007, pp. 67-86.

John KEEGAN: The Face of Battle. A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme), London, Pimlico Military Classics, 1976.

David KENNEDY y Derrick RILEY: Rome's Desert Frontier. From the Air, Londres, B.T. Batsford Limited, 1990.

Martin LUIK: Die Funde aus den römischen Lagern um Numantia im Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum, Mainz, Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum, 2002.

Samuel L. A. MARSHALL: Men Againts Fire. The Problem of Battle Command, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1947.

Andres MENÉNDEZ, David GONZÁLEZ, Valentín ÁLVAREZ y Jesús Ignacio JIMÉNEZ: "Nuevas evidencias de la presencia militar romana en el extremo occidental de la Cordillera Cantábrica", Gallaecia, 30 (2011), pp. 145-165.

Gloria MORA: La Arqueología Militar Romana en España, en Á. Morillo (ed.), El ejército romano en Hispania. Guía arqueológica, León, 2007.

Fernando MORALES HERNÁNDEZ: "Circunvalatción de Numancia. Fuertes y trabajos de asedio", en A. MORILLO (ed.), El ejército romano en Hispania. Guía Arqueológica, León, 2007, pp. 263-276.

Ibídem: "Los campamentos y fuertes romanos del asedio de Numancia", en C. PÉREZ-GONZÁLEZ y E. ILLARREGUI (coords.), Actas de Arqueología Militar Romana en Europa (Segovia 2001). Salamanca, Universidad Internacional SEK-Junta de Castilla y León, 2004, pp. 251-258.

Pierre MORET y María Teresa CHAPA: Torres, atalayas y casas fortificadas: explotación y control del territorio en Hispania (s. III a. de C.- s. I d. de C.), Jaén, Universidad de Jaén, 2004.

Ángel MORILLO: "Las guerras cántabras. Nuevas interpretaciones", en François CADIOU y Milagros NAVARRO (eds.), La guerre et ses traces. Conflits et sociétés en Hispanie à l’époque de la conquête romaine (IIIe-Ier s. av. J.-C.), Burdeos, Ausonius, 2014.

Ibídem: "Criterios arqueológicos de identificación de los campamentos romanos en Hispania", Salduie, 8 (2008), pp. 73-93.

Ibídem: "El ejército romano en España", en Ángel MORILLO (ed.), El ejército romano en Hispania. Guía Arqueológica, León, 2007.

Ibídem: "La Arqueología Militar romana en Hispania: nuevas perspectivas", en M. Bendala, C. Fernández Ochoa, R. Durán Cabello y Á. Morillo (eds.), La Arqueología Clásica peninsular ante el Tercer Milenio. En el Centenario de A. García y Bellido (1903-1972), Anejos de AEspA, 34, 2005, Madrid.

Ibídem y Esperanza MARTÍN HERNÁNDEZ: "El ejército romano en la península Ibérica. De la Arqueología Filológica a la Arqueología Militar Romana", Estudios Humanísticos. Historia, 4 (2005), 177-207.

Ibídem: "Conquista y defensa del territorio en la Hispania republicana: los establecimientos militares temporales", en Defensa y territorio en Hispania de los Escipiones a Augusto (espacios urbanos y rurales, municipales y provinciales) (Madrid, 2001), Madrid-León, 2003, pp. 41-80.

Ibídem: "Fortificaciones campamentales de época romana en España", AEspA, 64 (1991), pp. 141-142.

Jaume NOGUERA: "Los inicios de la conquista romana de Hispania. Los campamentos de campaña del río Ebro", AEspA, 81 (2008), pp. 31-48.

Toni ÑACO y Jordi PRINCIPAL: "Outpost of Integration: Garrisoning, Logistics and Archaeology in North-Eastern Hispania, 133-82 B.C.", en Saskia T. ROSELAAR (ed.), Integration and Identity in the Roman Republic, Leiden-Boston, Brill, 2012, pp. 159-177.

José Antonio OCHARAN y Miguel UNZUETA: "Andagoste (Cuartango, Álava): un nuevo escenario de las guerras de conquista en el norte de Hispania", en Ángel MORILLO (ed.), Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania II: producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, Anejos de Gladius, 5 (2002), Madrid, CSIC-Ediciones Polifemo, pp. 311-325.

Oriol OLESTI: "El control de los territorios del Nordeste Peninsular (218-100 aC): un modelo a debate", en Toni NACO y Isaías ARRAYÁS (eds.), War and Territory in the Roman World, Oxford, BAR International Series, 1530 (2006), pp. 119-148.

John PAMMENT SALVATORE: Roman Republican Castrametation: A Reappraisal of Historical and Archaeological Sources, BAR International Series, 630, 1996.

Joaquim PERA: "Les torres romanes a Catalunya. Entre la tradició erudita i l’evidència arqueològica", en Ramón MARTÍ (ed.), Fars de l'islam. Antigues alimares d’al-andalus (Primeres jornades científiques OCORDE, Barcelona, 2006), EDAR, Barcelona, 2008, pp. 17-38.

Eduardo PERALTA LABRADOR: "La revisión de las Guerras Cántabras: Novedades arqueológicas en el norte de Castilla", en Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania II: producción y abastecimiento en el ámbito militar, Universidad de León, 2006, pp. 523-547.

Ibídem: "Los campamentos de las guerras cántabras de Iguña, Toranzo y Buelna (Cantabria)", Arqueología Militar Romana en Hispania, Anejos de Gladius, 5 (2002), Madrid, pp. 327-338.

Ibídem: "Los campamentos romanos de campaña (castra aestiva): evidencias científicas y carencias académicas", Nivel Cero, 10 (2002), pp. 49-87.

Jean-Marie PESEZ y Françoise PIPONNIER: "Traces matérielles de la guerre sur un site archéologique", en André

BAZZANA (ed.), Castrum, 3, Guerre, fortification et habitat dans le monde méditerranéen au Moyen Âge, Madrid-Roma, Publicaciones Casa de Velázquez, 1988, pp. 11-16.

Matthieu POUX (ed.): Sur les traces de César. Militaria tardo républicains en contexte gaulois, Actes de la table ronde du 17 octobre 2002, Glux-en-Glenne, CAE européen Mont-Beuvray, 2008, pp. 299-432.

Fernando QUESADA, Eduardo KAVANAGH, Javier MORALEJO: "El asentamiento de época ibérica en el Cerro de la

Cruz" en Ignacio MUÑIZ y Fernando QUESADA (eds.), Un drama en tres actos. Dos milenios de ocupación humana en el Cerro de la Cruz (Almedinilla, Córdoba), Oikos, 2 (2010), pp. 75-95.

Fernando QUESADA: "La Arqueología de los campos de batalla. Notas para un estado de la cuestión y una guía de investigación", Salduie, 8 (2008), pp. 21-35.

Ibídem: “El legionario romano en época de las Guerras Púnicas: Formas de combate individual, táctica de pequeñas unidades e influencias hispanas”. En: Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, 16 (2006), pp. 163-196.

Michel REDDÉ y Siegmar von SCHNURBEIN: "Fouilles et recherches nouvelles sur les travaux de César devant Alésia (1991-1994)", Bericht der Rómisch-Germamischen Kommission, 76 (1995).

Albert RIBERA I LACOMBA y Matías CALVO: "La primera evidencia arqueológica de la destrucción de Valentia por Pompeyo", JRA, 8 (1995), pp. 19-40.

Francisco ROMEO MARUGÁN: Reflexiones sobre el asedio de la ciudad ibérica del Cabezo de Alcalá de Azaila", Boletín del Museo de Zaragoza, XVIII (2004), pp. 25-54.

Achim ROST: "The Battle between Romans and Germans in Kalkriese: Interpreting the Archaeological Remains from an Ancient Battlefield", en Ángel MORILLO, Norbert HANEL y Esperanza MARTÍN (eds.), Limes XX. XXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, León, 4–11 de septiembre de 2006, Anejos de Gladius, 1:13 (2009), pp. 1339-1345.

Michael I. ROSTOVTZEFF, Alfred R. BELLINGER, Clark HOPKINS y Charles Bradford WELLES: Dura-Europos. Preliminary report of the sixth season of work, October 1932 – March 1933, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1936.

Philip G. A. SABIN: Lost Battles: Reconstructing the Great Clashes of the Ancient World, Cornwall, Continuum Books, 2007.

Ibídem: "The Face of Roman Battle", JRS, 90 (2000), pp. 1-17

Ibídem: "The mechanics of battle in the Second Punic War" en Tim J. CORNELL, N. Boris RANKOV y Philip G. A. SABIN (eds.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal, BICS

Supplement, University of London, 67 (1996), pp. 59-79.

Enric SANMARTÍ y Jordi PRINCIPAL: "Las cerámicas de importación, itálicas e ibéricas, procedentes de los campamentos numantinos", en RAP, 7 (1997), pp. 35-75.

Wolfgang SCHLÜTER: "The Battle of the Teotoburg Forest: archaeological research at Kalkriese near Osnabrück", en John D. CREIGHTON y R. J. A. WILSON (eds.), Roman Germany: studies in Cultural interaction, JRA, Suppl. Series, 32 (1999), pp. 125-159.

Adolf SCHULTEN: Numantia. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1905-1912. IV. Die Lager bei Renieblas, Múnich, Bruckmann, 1929.

Adolf SCHULTEN: Numantia. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1905-1912. III. Die Lager des Scipio. Múnich, Bruckmann, 1927.

Vivien G. SWAN y Humpfrey WELFARE: Roman camps in England. The field archaeology, Londres, HMSO, 1995.

Günter ÜLBERT: Cáceres el Viejo: ein spätrepublikanisches Legionslager in Spanisch-Extremadura, Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Mainz am Rhein, 1984.

N. WHATLEY: "On the Possibility of Reconstructing Marathon and Other Ancient Battles", JHS, 84 (1969), pp. 119-139.

Susanne WILBERS-ROST: "The Site of the Varus Battle at Kalkriese", en Ángel MORILLO, Norbert HANEL y Esperanza MARTÍN (eds.), Limes XX. XXth International Congress of Roman Frontier Studies, León, 4–11 de septiembre de 2006, Anejos de Gladius, 1:13 (2009), pp. 1347-1352.

Alexander ZHMODIKOV: "Roman Republican heavy infantrymen in battle (IV-II centuries BC)", Historia, 49/1 (2000), pp. 67-78.

Downloads

Published

2015-07-29

Issue

Vol. 1 No. 2 (2012): Arqueología y conflicto

Section

Dossier

License

Copyright (c) 2017 University Journal of Military History

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Contributions of the Archeology to the Knowledge about the Roman Military History. (2015). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 1(2), 7-28. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v1i2.16

Similar Articles

111-120 of 246

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.