Between Barracks School and Republican School. The Case of Argentine Physical Education between Late 19th and Early 20th Century

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v10i21.810

Keywords:

barracks school, republican school, physical education, pedagogy, bodies

Abstract

At the end of the 19th century, against the backdrop of an increasingly militaristic atmosphere and the consolidation of the Argentine nation-state, the reorganization of the national army, the instruction of its soldiers, the practice of gymnastics and the education of healthy young boys were understood in connection with broader Argentine nation-building and its affirmation as a nation in the making. Physical training, military gymnastics, school battalions and shooting practices were deemed indispensable by certain social sectors, the best means of passing on so-called moral, masculine and patriotic values. One of the social institutions selected for this task was the school. In this socio-political scenario, military exercises —not entirely free of social contestation— were included in the subject of Physical Education between the late 19th and early 20th century. This modality of gymnastics was aimed solely at young boys and contributed enormously to the formation of male character, the soldier-citizen being the regulative ideal to be achieved. Strict compliance with military rules in Physical Education classes conformed a set of habits intended to turn young boys into living robots responsive exclusively to a commanding voice. This view had both opponents and detractors. A large sector of the teaching community and a number of prestigious pedagogues opposed military gymnastics, school battalions and shooting practices in schools. This contestation implied not only the questioning of certain physical exercises and the way they were carried out but, fundamentally, of a certain view on patriotism, discipline, pedagogy, childcare and the means through which young boys were turned into “real” men or citizens. Bearing this in mind, this paper will approach —from both social and cultural history— the different meanings that were passed on, produced and reproduced from the platform of Physical Education regarding the different conceptualizations about how society was supposed to be structured, what was meant by “nation”, “citizenship”, “pedagogy” and the school as institution and which features defined “true” masculinity.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

  • Pablo Ariel Scharagrodsky, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes-Universidad Nacional de La Plata

    Pablo Ariel Scharagrodsky es Doctor en Ciencias Sociales y Humanas por la Universidad Nacional de Quilmes. Actualmente es docente investigador en la Universidad de Quilmes en la Licenciatura en Educación y en la Universidad de La Plata en el Profesorado en Educación Física. Sus temas de investigación son la Historia de la Educación y de la Cultura Física en perspectiva de género. Es autor de numerosos artículos en revistas especializadas. Entre sus últimos libros se destacan: El rostro cambiante del deporte. Perspectivas historiográficas angloparlantes (1970-2010) (Editorial Prometeo, Buenos Aires. 2019), en coautoría con César Torres. Miradas médicas sobre la ‘cultura física’ en Argentina (1880-1970) (Editorial Prometeo, Buenos Aires, 2014), La invención del ‘homo gymnasticus’ (Editorial Prometeo, Buenos Aires, 2011), Gobernar es Ejercitar (Editorial Prometeo, Buenos Aires, 2008) y Tras las huellas de la Educación Física escolar argentina. En coautoría con Ángela Aisenstein (Editorial Prometeo, Buenos Aires, 2006). 

References

AISENSTEIN, Ángela «Huellas de un doble alumbramiento. Historia de la asignatura y la ciencia en las páginas de la Revista de la Educación Física», en Ángela AISENSTEIN y Pablo SCHARAGRODSKY (org.), Tras las huellas de la Educación Física Escolar Argentina. Cuerpo, género y pedagogía. 1880-1950, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2006, pp. 73-101.

AISENSTEIN, Ángela «La Educación Física en la Escuela Primaria (1880-1930)», en Adrián ASCOLANI (comp.), La Educación en Argentina. Estudios de Historia. Rosario, Ed. del Arca, 1999, pp. 145-161.

ANDRIEU, Gilbert «Amorós, los militares, los médicos y la Educación Física en Francia en el siglo XIX y comienzos del XX», en Seminario Francisco Amorós. Su obra entre dos culturas, Madrid, INEF, 1990, pp. 147-174.

ARANA, Adolfo «Colocación de la piedra fundamental del futuro polígono de Pergamino», Revista de Tiro y Gimnasia, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 344, (1939), pp. 13-21.

ARANA, Adolfo «Conferencia pronunciada por el Director General de Tiro y Gimnasia General Adolfo Arana», Revista de Tiro y Gimnasia, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 337, (1938c), pp. 15-18.

ARANA, Adolfo «Día del soldado y entrega de diplomas a los repetidores de educación física», Revista de Tiro y Gimnasia, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 338, (1938b), pp. 7-10.

ARANA, Adolfo «General de División D. Adolfo Arana», Revista de Tiro y Gimnasia, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 342, (1939), pp. 3-5.

ARANA, Adolfo «La encuesta de ‘Crisol’. Responde el General de División D. Adolfo Arana», Revista de Tiro y Gimnasia, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 343, (1939), pp. 12-15.

ARANA, Adolfo Disertaciones, comentarios de prensa y conceptos sobre educación física, Buenos Aires, Publicación de la Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia. Ministerio de Guerra, 1938a, pp. 70-71

ARBO, A. «Los Batallones Escolares», Revista de la Educación Física, IV: 22, (1912), p. 75.

ARMUS, Diego La ciudad impura. Salud, tuberculosis y cultura en Buenos Aires, 1870-1950, Buenos Aires, Edhasa, 2007, p. 92.

ARNAUD, Pierre Le militaire, l'écolier, le gymnaste, Naissance de l'Education Physique en France, 1869-1889, Lyon, Presses Universitaires de Lyon, 1991.

BARRANCOS, Dora «Socialistas y la suplementación de la escuela pública: la Asociación de Bibliotecas y Recreos infantiles (1913-1930)», en Graciela MORGADE (comp.), Mujeres en la Educación: género y docencia en la argentina 1870-1930, Buenos Aires, Miño y Dávila, 1997, pp. 130-150.

BARRANCOS, Dora Anarquismo, Educación y costumbres en la Argentina de primeros de siglo, Buenos Aires, Contrapunto, 1990, p. 82.

BERTONI, Lilia «Soldados, gimnastas y escolares. La escuela y la formación de la nacionalidad a fines del siglo XIX», Boletín del Instituto de Historia Argentina y Americana «Dr. Emilio Ravignani», 13, (1996), pp. 35-57.

BERTONI, Lilia Patriotas, cosmopolitas y nacionalistas. La construcción de la nacionalidad argentina a fines del siglo XIX, Buenos Aires, Fondo de Cultura Económica, 2001.

BORGHELLI, Samuel «Observaciones de carácter técnico que me han merecido el libro ‘El sentido espiritual de la Educación Física’ del Dr. Enrique Romero Brest», Revista de Tiro y Gimnasia, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 338, (1938), pp. 55-59.

BUCH, Alfonso Forma y función de un sujeto moderno. Bernardo Houssay y la fisiología argentina (1900-1943), Bernal, Editorial Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, 2006.

CARLI, Sandra Niñez, pedagogía y política. Transformaciones de los discursos acerca de la infancia en la historia de la educación argentina entre 1880-1955, Buenos Aires, Miño y Dávila, 2002, p. 239.

CASTELLANOS, J. «Las armas educan», Revista de Tiro Nacional Argentino, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, (1913), p. 101.

CRISTIANI, Roberto Reseña histórica del cuerpo de Gimnasia y Esgrima del Ejército y su proyección en la vida nacional entre 1897-1960, Buenos Aires, Comando en Jefe del Ejército, Dirección de Estudios Históricos. Año III, N° 3, 1967, pp. 95-109.

DI LISCIA, María Silvia «Médicos y maestros. Higiene, eugenesia y educación en Argentina (1880-1940)», en María DI LISCIA y Graciela SALTO (edits.), Higienismo, educación y discurso en la Argentina (1870-1940), La Pampa, Edit. UNLPAM, 2004, pp. 37-64.

DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE TIRO Y GIMNASIA, «Gimnasia», Revista de Tiro Nacional Argentino, (1910), p. 56.

DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE TIRO Y GIMNASIA, en Memorias del Ministerio de Guerra. 1937-1938, Buenos Aires, Talleres Gráficos del Instituto Geográfico Militar, 1938, p. 67.

DIRECCIÓN GENERAL DE TIRO Y GIMNASIA, Gimnasia Metodizada. Secciones Infantiles. 1934-1936, Buenos Aires, Talleres Gráficos de Cersosimo, 1936.

ESCOLANO BENITO, Agustín Tiempos y espacios para la escuela, Madrid, Biblioteca Nueva, 2000, p. 183.

FERRETO ESCIPION, A. El arte de la esgrima, Buenos Aires, Escuela Tipográfica del 'Colegio León XIII', 1927, p. 20.

FRESCO, Manuel La Educación Física. Una Innovación de mi Gobierno, Buenos Aires, Talleres Gráficos Damiano, 1940.

FRESCO, Manuel La Instrucción Primaria en mi Gobierno 1936-1940, Buenos Aires, Talleres Gráficos Damiano, 1940.

FRESCO, Manuel La Reforma Educacional de Buenos Aires, La Plata, Talleres de Impresiones Oficiales, 1937, pp. 14, 22, 182, 291.

GAYOL, Sandra Honor y duelo en la Argentina moderna, Buenos Aires, Siglo XXI, 2008, pp. 145-153.

GLEYSE, Jacques «O diálogo das ciências humanas e das ciencias da vida na educação física na França. Análise e perspectivas», en Carmen SOARES (org.), Pesquisas sobre o corpo. Ciências Humanas e Educação, Sao Paulo, Autores Asociados, 2007, pp. 139-157.

GOODSON, Ivor Estudio del currículum. Casos y métodos, Buenos Aires, Amorrortu Editores, 2003.

GOODSON, Ivor Historia del Curriculum. La construcción social de las disciplinas escolares, Barcelona, Pomares-Corredor, 1995.

GORELIK, Adrián La grilla y el parque. Espacio público y cultura urbana en Buenos Aires, 1887-1936, Bernal, UNQ, 1998, pp. 294, 302.

Guía de las Sociedades de Tiro, Buenos Aires, Imprenta Jacobo Peuser, 1895, pp. 25-26.

HOUSSAY, Bernardo «II Congreso Sudamericano de Médicos del Deporte. Discurso del Profesor de Fisiología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires Dr. Bernardo A. Houssay», Revista de Medicina aplicada a los Deportes, Educación Física y Trabajo, 6:18 (1941), p. 12.

LAGRANGE, Fernand El ejercicio en los adultos, Madrid, Imprenta Gregorio Juste, 1896, p. 366. (Traducción Ricardo Rubio)

LAGRANGE, Fernand Fisiología de los ejercicios corporales, Madrid, Imprenta Gregorio Juste, 1895, p. 134. (Traducción Ricardo Rubio)

LAGRANGE, Fernand La Higiene del ejercicio en los niños y en los jóvenes, Madrid, Librería de José Jorro, 1894, pp. 254, 130, 10, 130-131. (Traducción Ricardo Rubio)

LEVENE, Horacio «Gimnasia en las escuelas», Revista de Tiro Nacional Argentino. Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 1, (1910), p. 119.

LEVENE, Horacio Gimnasia Metodizada. Método. Años 1924-1938, Buenos Aires, Orientación Integral Humana. SRL. Sección Editorial, 1939.

Lucía LIONETTI: La misión política de la escuela pública. Formar a los ciudadanos de la república (1870-1916), Buenos Aires, Miño y Dávila, 2007.

MALPAS, Jeff «Pensar topográficamente: Lugar, espacio y geografía», Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 61:2 (2015), pp. 199-229.

MINISTERIO DE JUSTICIA E INSTRUCCIÓN PÚBLICA, Despacho de la Comisión Técnica de Educación Física, Buenos Aires, Publicaciones oficiales, 1924, p. 37.

MORENO, J. «Batallones escolares. Su educación física y su importancia en la Higiene y Hominicultura». Trabajo presentado al Primer Congreso Nacional del Niño celebrado en Buenos Aires el 12 de octubre de 1913.

MOSSE, George The Image of Man: the Creation of Modern Masculinity, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996.

MOSSO, Angelo El miedo, Madrid, Librería de José Jorro, 1892. (Versión castellana de Madrid Moreno)

MOSSO, Angelo La Educación Física de la Juventud seguida de la Educación Física de la Mujer, Madrid, Librería de José Jorro, 1894, pp. 153-164, 215. (Versión castellana de Madrid Moreno)

MOSSO, Angelo La fatiga, Madrid, Librería de José Jorro, 1893. (Versión castellana de Madrid Moreno)

MUNILLA, Eduardo La defensa nacional, Buenos Aires, 1916.

MUNILLA, Eduardo y PORTELLA: «Monografía sobre Tiro», Revista de Tiro Nacional Argentino. Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, 1910, p. 39.

NOUZEILLES, Gabriela Ficciones somáticas. Naturalismo, nacionalismo y políticas médicas del cuerpo (Argentina 1880-1910), Rosario, Beatriz Viterbo, 2000.

PUIGGROS, Adriana Qué pasó en la educación argentina. Desde la conquista al menemismo, Buenos Aires, Kapelusz, 1996.

PUIGGROS, Adriana Sujetos, disciplina y curriculum (1885-1916), Buenos Aires, Galerna, 1990.

RAUCH, André El cuerpo en la Educación Física, Buenos Aires, Kapelusz, 1985.

Reglamento para el Tiro Oficial en los Polígonos, Ministerio de Guerra, Buenos Aires, Talleres Gráficos del Instituto Geográfico Militar, 1926, p. 4.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique «Evolución y consecuencias de las ideas doctrinarias en la Educación Física», Revista La Semana Médica, 15, (1911b), pp. 11-13.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique «Relaciones de la Educación Física con la militar en la escuela», Revista de la Educación Física, VII: 36 (1915), p. 92.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique «Un desacierto pedagógico», Revista de la Educación Física, VI: 1(1914a), pp. 1-4.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique «Un programa de fisiología», El libro, IV: 19 (1910), p. 791 y ss.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Algunos conceptos doctrinarios de la Educación Física. Tres conferencias del Dr. Enrique Romero Brest, Buenos Aires, 1933, p. 32.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Bases de la Educación Física en la Argentina, Buenos Aires, Librería del Colegio, p. 118.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Concursos escolares de Educación Física, Buenos Aires, ed. Cabaut y Cía., 1922, p. 9.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Curso Superior de Educación Física. Tomo I: bases fisiológicas de la Educación Física, Buenos Aires, Las Ciencias Librería y Casa editora de Nicolás Marana, 1905a, pp. 17-18.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Curso Superior de Educación Física. Tomo II: pedagogía y práctica de la Educación Física, Buenos Aires, Las Ciencias Librería y Casa editora de Nicolás Marana, 1905b, p. 33 y ss.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Cursos Normales de Educación Física (sus resultados), Buenos Aires, Las Ciencias Librería y Casa editora de Nicolás Marana, 1903, pp. 56-57.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique El Ejercicio Físico en la Escuela (del punto de vista higiénico) Tesis presentada para optar al grado de Doctor en Medicina, Buenos Aires, Compañía Sud-Americana de Billetes de Banco, 1900, p. 76.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique El Instituto Nacional Superior de Educación Física. Antecedentes, organización y resultados, Buenos Aires, ed. Cabaut y Cía., 1917, p. 11 y ss.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique El Sentido Espiritual de la Educación Física, Buenos Aires, Librería del Colegio, 1938, p. 146 y ss.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique La Educación Física en el Congreso Internacional de París de 1913, Buenos Aires, Imprenta Europea Manuel A. Rosas, 1913, p. 11.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique La Educación Física en la Escuela Primaria. Su organización y sus resultados, Buenos Aires, Imprenta de Obras de E. Spinelli, 1909, p. 96.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique La Reforma de la Educación Física en la Escuela Secundaria, Buenos Aires, Establecimiento Tipográfico El Comercio, 1907, p. 12.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Los Batallones Escolares: orígenes, condiciones científicas y defectos, Buenos Aires, Imprenta Talleres gráficos de la Penitenciaría Nacional, 1914b, p. 67.

ROMERO BREST, Enrique Pedagogía de la Educación Física, Buenos Aires, edit. Cabaut y Cía., 1911a, pp. 247-266.

ROMERO, Luis Alberto Breve historia contemporánea de la Argentina, Buenos Aires, FCE, 2002.

SALESSI, Jorge Médicos Maleantes y Maricas. Higiene, criminología y homosexualidad en la construcción de la nación Argentina (Buenos Aires: 1871-1914), Buenos Aires, Beatriz Viterbo, 1995, p. 179.

SALVATORE, Ricardo «Sobre el surgimiento del Estado médico legal en Argentina (1890-1940)», Estudios Sociales, 20, (2001), pp. 81-114.

SARAVI RIVIERE, Jorge Aportes para una historia de la Educación Física (1900-1945), Buenos Aires, IEF Nº 1, 1998.

SARAVI RIVIERE, Jorge Historia de la Educación Física Argentina Siglo XIX, Buenos Aires, INEF, 1986.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo (comp.), La invención del ‘homo gymnasticus’. Fragmentos históricos sobre la educación de los cuerpos en movimiento en Occidente, Buenos Aires, Editorial Prometeo, 2011, pp. 441-475.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «Cuerpo, Género y Poder en la escuela. El caso de la Educación Física Escolar Argentina (1880-1930)», Revista Estudos Ibero-Americanos, 27:2 (2001), pp. 121-151.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «El padre de la Educación Física argentina: fabricando una política corporal generizada (1900-1938)», en Ángela AISENSTEIN y Pablo SCHARAGRODSKY (org.), Tras las huellas de la Educación Física Escolar Argentina. Cuerpo, género y pedagogía. 1880-1950, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2006, pp. 159-197.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «El Sistema Argentino de Educación Física. Entre el cientificismo, la higienización, el eclecticismo y la argentinidad», Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 37 (2015), pp. 158-164.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «En el nombre del Padre, del Hijo y del Espíritu Gimnástico. Prácticas corporales, masculinidades y religiosidad en los Exploradores de Don Bosco en la Argentina de principios de siglo XX», Educar em Revista, 33, (2009), pp. 57-74.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «Entre la maternidad y la histeria. Medicina, prácticas corporales y feminidad en el Buenos Aires del fin de siglo XIX», en Pablo SCHARAGRODSKY (comp.), Gobernar es Ejercitar. Fragmentos para una historia de la Educación Física en Iberoamérica, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2008, pp. 107-108.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «Los ejercicios militares en la escuela argentina: modelando cuerpos masculinos y patriotas a fines del siglo XIX», en Ángela AISENSTEIN y Pablo SCHARAGRODSKY (org.), Tras las huellas de la Educación Física Escolar Argentina. Cuerpo, género y pedagogía. 1880-1950, Buenos Aires, Prometeo, 2006, pp. 105-133.

SCHARAGRODSKY, Pablo «Notas sobre los lugares en la Educación y la Educación Física, Argentina, finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX», Revista Materiales para la historia del deporte, 18, Editores Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 2019, pp. 73-87.

SERRA, María Silvia «Escuelas sin muros. Disputas sobre el espacio escolar y su capacidad performativa», en Pablo PINEAU, María Silvia SERRA y Myriam SOUTHWELL (Ed.), La educación de las sensibilidades en la argentina moderna. Estudios sobre estética escolar II, Buenos Aires, Biblos, 2018.

SOARES, Carmen «Las corrientes gimnásticas europeas y su contenido: una historia de rupturas y permanencias», en Rodolfo ROZENDGARDT (coord.), Apuntes de Historia para profesores de Educación Física, Buenos Aires, Miño y Dávila, 2006, pp. 223-242.

SPIVAK, Marcel «La preparación militar en Francia. Un fracaso del régimen republicano», en Seminario Francisco Amorós. Su obra entre dos culturas, Madrid, INEF, 1990, pp. 175-206.

TORRES, F. «Manual para la tropa de infantería», Revista de Tiro Nacional Argentino, Dirección General de Tiro y Gimnasia, (1912), pp. 485-488.

VIGARELLO, Georges «A invenção da ginástica no século XIX: movimentos novos, corpos novos», Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 25:1 (2003), pp. 9-21.

VIGARELLO, Georges Corregir el cuerpo, Buenos Aires, Ediciones Nueva Visión, 2005.

VIÑAO FRAGO, Antonio «Los espacios escolares ¿cómo abordar un objeto polifacético y multiforme?», en Paulí DÁVILA BALSERA y Luis María NAYA GARMENDIA (Ed.), Espacios y patrimonio histórico-educativo Donostia, Erein, 2016, pp. 25-59.

Downloads

Published

2022-01-24

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 21 (2021): Disciplined bodies at the service of the nation, 1890-1940: military sport and history

Section

Dossier

License

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License

By exercising the Licensed Rights (defined below), You accept and agree to be bound by the terms and conditions of this Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License ("Public License"). To the extent this Public License may be interpreted as a contract, You are granted the Licensed Rights in consideration of Your acceptance of these terms and conditions, and the Licensor grants You such rights in consideration of benefits the Licensor receives from making the Licensed Material available under these terms and conditions.

Section 1 – Definitions.

  1. Adapted Material means material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights that is derived from or based upon the Licensed Material and in which the Licensed Material is translated, altered, arranged, transformed, or otherwise modified in a manner requiring permission under the Copyright and Similar Rights held by the Licensor. For purposes of this Public License, where the Licensed Material is a musical work, performance, or sound recording, Adapted Material is always produced where the Licensed Material is synched in timed relation with a moving image.
  2. Copyright and Similar Rights means copyright and/or similar rights closely related to copyright including, without limitation, performance, broadcast, sound recording, and Sui Generis Database Rights, without regard to how the rights are labeled or categorized. For purposes of this Public License, the rights specified in Section 2(b)(1)-(2) are not Copyright and Similar Rights.
  3. Effective Technological Measures means those measures that, in the absence of proper authority, may not be circumvented under laws fulfilling obligations under Article 11 of the WIPO Copyright Treaty adopted on December 20, 1996, and/or similar international agreements.
  4. Exceptions and Limitations means fair use, fair dealing, and/or any other exception or limitation to Copyright and Similar Rights that applies to Your use of the Licensed Material.
  5. Licensed Material means the artistic or literary work, database, or other material to which the Licensor applied this Public License.
  6. Licensed Rights means the rights granted to You subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, which are limited to all Copyright and Similar Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material and that the Licensor has authority to license.
  7. Licensor means the individual(s) or entity(ies) granting rights under this Public License.
  8. NonCommercial means not primarily intended for or directed towards commercial advantage or monetary compensation. For purposes of this Public License, the exchange of the Licensed Material for other material subject to Copyright and Similar Rights by digital file-sharing or similar means is NonCommercial provided there is no payment of monetary compensation in connection with the exchange.
  9. Share means to provide material to the public by any means or process that requires permission under the Licensed Rights, such as reproduction, public display, public performance, distribution, dissemination, communication, or importation, and to make material available to the public including in ways that members of the public may access the material from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.
  10. Sui Generis Database Rights means rights other than copyright resulting from Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases, as amended and/or succeeded, as well as other essentially equivalent rights anywhere in the world.
  11. You means the individual or entity exercising the Licensed Rights under this Public License. Your has a corresponding meaning.

Section 2 – Scope.

  1. License grant.
    1. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Public License, the Licensor hereby grants You a worldwide, royalty-free, non-sublicensable, non-exclusive, irrevocable license to exercise the Licensed Rights in the Licensed Material to:
      1. reproduce and Share the Licensed Material, in whole or in part, for NonCommercial purposes only; and
      2. produce and reproduce, but not Share, Adapted Material for NonCommercial purposes only.
    2. Exceptions and Limitations. For the avoidance of doubt, where Exceptions and Limitations apply to Your use, this Public License does not apply, and You do not need to comply with its terms and conditions.
    3. Term. The term of this Public License is specified in Section 6(a).
    4. Media and formats; technical modifications allowed. The Licensor authorizes You to exercise the Licensed Rights in all media and formats whether now known or hereafter created, and to make technical modifications necessary to do so. The Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any right or authority to forbid You from making technical modifications necessary to exercise the Licensed Rights, including technical modifications necessary to circumvent Effective Technological Measures. For purposes of this Public License, simply making modifications authorized by this Section 2(a)(4) never produces Adapted Material.
    5. Downstream recipients.
      1. Offer from the Licensor – Licensed Material. Every recipient of the Licensed Material automatically receives an offer from the Licensor to exercise the Licensed Rights under the terms and conditions of this Public License.
      2. No downstream restrictions. You may not offer or impose any additional or different terms or conditions on, or apply any Effective Technological Measures to, the Licensed Material if doing so restricts exercise of the Licensed Rights by any recipient of the Licensed Material.
    6. No endorsement. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be construed as permission to assert or imply that You are, or that Your use of the Licensed Material is, connected with, or sponsored, endorsed, or granted official status by, the Licensor or others designated to receive attribution as provided in Section 3(a)(1)(A)(i).

  2. Other rights.

    1. Moral rights, such as the right of integrity, are not licensed under this Public License, nor are publicity, privacy, and/or other similar personality rights; however, to the extent possible, the Licensor waives and/or agrees not to assert any such rights held by the Licensor to the limited extent necessary to allow You to exercise the Licensed Rights, but not otherwise.
    2. Patent and trademark rights are not licensed under this Public License.
    3. To the extent possible, the Licensor waives any right to collect royalties from You for the exercise of the Licensed Rights, whether directly or through a collecting society under any voluntary or waivable statutory or compulsory licensing scheme. In all other cases the Licensor expressly reserves any right to collect such royalties, including when the Licensed Material is used other than for NonCommercial purposes.

Section 3 – License Conditions.

Your exercise of the Licensed Rights is expressly made subject to the following conditions.

  1. Attribution.

    1. If You Share the Licensed Material, You must:

      1. retain the following if it is supplied by the Licensor with the Licensed Material:
        1. identification of the creator(s) of the Licensed Material and any others designated to receive attribution, in any reasonable manner requested by the Licensor (including by pseudonym if designated);
        2. a copyright notice;
        3. a notice that refers to this Public License;
        4. a notice that refers to the disclaimer of warranties;
        5. a URI or hyperlink to the Licensed Material to the extent reasonably practicable;
      2. indicate if You modified the Licensed Material and retain an indication of any previous modifications; and
      3. indicate the Licensed Material is licensed under this Public License, and include the text of, or the URI or hyperlink to, this Public License.
      For the avoidance of doubt, You do not have permission under this Public License to Share Adapted Material.
    2. You may satisfy the conditions in Section 3(a)(1) in any reasonable manner based on the medium, means, and context in which You Share the Licensed Material. For example, it may be reasonable to satisfy the conditions by providing a URI or hyperlink to a resource that includes the required information.
    3. If requested by the Licensor, You must remove any of the information required by Section 3(a)(1)(A) to the extent reasonably practicable.

Section 4 – Sui Generis Database Rights.

Where the Licensed Rights include Sui Generis Database Rights that apply to Your use of the Licensed Material:

  1. for the avoidance of doubt, Section 2(a)(1) grants You the right to extract, reuse, reproduce, and Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database for NonCommercial purposes only and provided You do not Share Adapted Material;
  2. if You include all or a substantial portion of the database contents in a database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights, then the database in which You have Sui Generis Database Rights (but not its individual contents) is Adapted Material; and
  3. You must comply with the conditions in Section 3(a) if You Share all or a substantial portion of the contents of the database.

For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 4supplements and does not replace Your obligations under this Public License where the Licensed Rights include other Copyright and Similar Rights.

Section 5 – Disclaimer of Warranties and Limitation of Liability.

  1. Unless otherwise separately undertaken by the Licensor, to the extent possible, the Licensor offers the Licensed Material as-is and as-available, and makes no representations or warranties of any kind concerning the Licensed Material, whether express, implied, statutory, or other. This includes, without limitation, warranties of title, merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, non-infringement, absence of latent or other defects, accuracy, or the presence or absence of errors, whether or not known or discoverable. Where disclaimers of warranties are not allowed in full or in part, this disclaimer may not apply to You.
  2. To the extent possible, in no event will the Licensor be liable to You on any legal theory (including, without limitation, negligence) or otherwise for any direct, special, indirect, incidental, consequential, punitive, exemplary, or other losses, costs, expenses, or damages arising out of this Public License or use of the Licensed Material, even if the Licensor has been advised of the possibility of such losses, costs, expenses, or damages. Where a limitation of liability is not allowed in full or in part, this limitation may not apply to You.
  1. The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.

Section 6 – Term and Termination.

  1. This Public License applies for the term of the Copyright and Similar Rights licensed here. However, if You fail to comply with this Public License, then Your rights under this Public License terminate automatically.

  2. Where Your right to use the Licensed Material has terminated under Section 6(a), it reinstates:

    1. automatically as of the date the violation is cured, provided it is cured within 30 days of Your discovery of the violation; or
    2. upon express reinstatement by the Licensor.
    For the avoidance of doubt, this Section 6(b) does not affect any right the Licensor may have to seek remedies for Your violations of this Public License.
  3. For the avoidance of doubt, the Licensor may also offer the Licensed Material under separate terms or conditions or stop distributing the Licensed Material at any time; however, doing so will not terminate this Public License.
  4. Sections 1, 5, 6, 7, and 8 survive termination of this Public License.

Section 7 – Other Terms and Conditions.

  1. The Licensor shall not be bound by any additional or different terms or conditions communicated by You unless expressly agreed.
  2. Any arrangements, understandings, or agreements regarding the Licensed Material not stated herein are separate from and independent of the terms and conditions of this Public License.

Section 8 – Interpretation.

  1. For the avoidance of doubt, this Public License does not, and shall not be interpreted to, reduce, limit, restrict, or impose conditions on any use of the Licensed Material that could lawfully be made without permission under this Public License.
  2. To the extent possible, if any provision of this Public License is deemed unenforceable, it shall be automatically reformed to the minimum extent necessary to make it enforceable. If the provision cannot be reformed, it shall be severed from this Public License without affecting the enforceability of the remaining terms and conditions.
  3. No term or condition of this Public License will be waived and no failure to comply consented to unless expressly agreed to by the Licensor.
  4. Nothing in this Public License constitutes or may be interpreted as a limitation upon, or waiver of, any privileges and immunities that apply to the Licensor or You, including from the legal processes of any jurisdiction or authority.

Creative Commons is not a party to its public licenses. Notwithstanding, Creative Commons may elect to apply one of its public licenses to material it publishes and in those instances will be considered the “Licensor.” The text of the Creative Commons public licenses is dedicated to the public domain under the CC0 Public Domain Dedication. Except for the limited purpose of indicating that material is shared under a Creative Commons public license or as otherwise permitted by the Creative Commons policies published at creativecommons.org/policies, Creative Commons does not authorize the use of the trademark “Creative Commons” or any other trademark or logo of Creative Commons without its prior written consent including, without limitation, in connection with any unauthorized modifications to any of its public licenses or any other arrangements, understandings, or agreements concerning use of licensed material. For the avoidance of doubt, this paragraph does not form part of the public licenses.

Creative Commons may be contacted at creativecommons.org.

How to Cite

Between Barracks School and Republican School. The Case of Argentine Physical Education between Late 19th and Early 20th Century. (2022). Revista Universitaria De Historia Militar, 10(21), 19-50. https://doi.org/10.53351/ruhm.v10i21.810

Similar Articles

1-10 of 95

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.